502 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on 



have been given on pp. 4G7, 468, and mimetic species are 

 also well known in Liiiicnitis, Cethosia, etc. 



6. The non-mimetic species of mimetic genera are 

 sometimes mimicked ; e. g. the mimicry of the ncrina 

 form of female Hypnlimnas iolina by a rare Danaine in 

 Celebes, etc. The resemblance of the upper-side of cer- 

 tain species of Protogonioviorplia to some of the larger 

 species of Hypolimnas may be another instance of the 

 same tendency. 



7. The fact that mimetic species resembling some 

 primary model nevertheless in certain respects resemble 

 each other rather than the model. This deuterosynapo- 

 sematic resemblance, as it may be called, is a very wide- 

 spread phenomenon, and several striking instances of it are 

 discussed in the present memoir (sec pp. 470, 471, 485-7). 

 It will also be shown to occur in Coleoptera (pp. 513-515). 



I have given merely an outline of the chief evidence 

 which has induced me to believe that the mimetic 

 Nymphaline genera are to some extent specially pro- 

 tected, and thus have developed a beneficial synaposomatic 

 association with far better protected forms belonging to 

 other sub-families. 



This evidence has been sought and obtained under the 

 guidance of the principles discovered by Dr. F. A. Dixey 

 and ably presented by him in 1894-97 (Brit. Assoc. 

 Reports, 1894, pp. 092, 693; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 

 1894, p. 2!)8; 1896, p. Qo-^ 1897, p. 317). These 

 memoirs mark one of tlie few important advances made 

 in our attempt to understand the complex and diffi- 

 cult phenomena of mimicry. I will quote one preg- 

 nant paragraph, which it will be seen contains the 

 essence of what I have here described as primary and 

 secondary mimicry (see pp. 513-515, also the above para- 

 graph 7). " Every conspicuous and distasteful form is a 

 centre of attraction for other forms, whether edible or 

 inedible ; but in the former case (Batesian mimicry) the 

 mimetic attraction is limited in operation, and acts only 

 in one direction, influencing nothing but the mimic ; 

 while in tiie latter case (MilUerian mimicry) the mimetic 

 attraction is unlimited and mutual, acting reciprocally in 

 both directions, and influencing each member of the group " 

 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1897, pp. 324, 325). 



Mr. Marshall's valuable notes on the habits of Nymphaline 

 mimics and his discussion of the conclusions described 



