The Bionomics of South African Insects. 515 



rather than the parasitism which Mr. Marshall suggests, 

 rendered resemblance to MutillidcV- above all other 

 specially-defended insects particularly feasible _ for these 

 Coleoptera. A good example of such mimicry is seen in 

 Plate XVII, fig. 12, representing GraiJtoclerus, sp. 



I believe that the principles discovered by F. A. Dixey, 

 which are here employed to explain the curiously complex 

 inter-relationships of Mr. Marshall's Mutilloid group, will 

 hereafter be found to have an important bearing upon 

 many superficial resemblances of mimicry and common 

 warning colours in all countries, and in many orders of 

 insects and probably other animals. 



The double (or treble, etc.) resemblances which may be 

 perceived one underlying the other in the appearance of 

 a single form may be conveniently spoken of as Primary, 

 Secondary, Tertiary, etc., Common Warning Colours (Proto-, 

 Deutero-, Tritosynaposematic Resemblance), or as Prim- 

 ary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc., Mimicry (Proto-, Deutero-, 

 Tritopseudaposematic Resemblance). Thus the resem- 

 blance of the Atrartonota to an ant, or of Myrmccoptera to 

 a Mutillid is Protosynaposematic, while their resemblance 

 to the Carabid genera Pohjhirma, Ficzia, etc., is deutero- 

 synaposematic. On the other hand, the resemblance of 

 the black Myrmecoi?tcra to Polyhirma houcarcli is proto- 

 synaposematic, or rather, synaposematic, since there 

 appears to be no other underlying or overlying resemblance 

 in this case. 



Many examples of this kind will be found in the section 

 on Mimicry in Lepidoptera ; see especially pp. 470,471, 

 485-487. 



I must here again refer to Dr. F. A. Dixey's important 

 memoirs, alluded to in greater detail on p. 502, as contain- 

 ing the first account and interpretation of the extremely 

 complex inter-relationships which may exist in Mlillerian 

 associations. The principles which he laid down are here 

 found to supply the interpretation of many puzzling and 

 subtle relationsliips, not only among Lepidoptera, but 

 also in other Orders in which the phenomena of mimicry, 

 warning colours, etc., have been far less fully investigated. 



C. Lycklx as Models for other Coleoptera and Insects of 



many Orders. (G. A. K. M.) 

 [The splendid and complex convergent group, repre- 

 sented on Plate XVIII, figs. 1^52, is by far the most 



