554 3x2)lanation of Plates. 



Fig. 31. Vanessa atalanta ^ ■> Aug. 23, 18<)7. Captured 1)y F. A. 

 Dixey at Mortlioe, N. Devon. The injury can liardly 

 have been ijroduced otherwise than by a bird snipping a 

 notch in all four wings when they come together in the 

 attitude of repose as shown in the figure. 



32. E}nmpliele lycaon, July 22, 1898. Captured by E. B. 



Poulton between Visp and Stalden, Valais, about 2450 

 feet. The same conclusion as in the description of 

 Fig. 29. 



33. Vanessa atalanta ,^ , Sept. 23, 1901. Cai)tured by A. H. 



Hamm in the University Parks, O.xford. The character 

 of the injury implies an attack by a bird, probably made 

 in one of the short rests when the insect assumed the 

 attitude shown in the figure. 



Explanation of Plate XI. 



Injuries to directive marks and structures on the wings 

 OP South African Butterflies. 



Injuries inflicted in the neighbourhood of special marks or 

 structures near the anal angle of hind-wing or apex of tlie fore-wing. 



All the figures are about | of the natural size. 



All the specimens not otherwise described were captured, on the 

 dates mentioned, at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet, by Guy 

 A. K. Marshall. 



Fig. 1. Precis antilope ^, May 19, 1898. Rests on leaves of low 

 herbage and rarely on the ground. Birds are the most 

 likely enemies, and the sjiecimen was ])robably at rest 

 when both "tails" were shorn olf. 



2. Precis cnama ^, May 1900. Same hal)it and conclusions 



as in the last figure. 



3. Spiiidasis natalensis, June 13, 1900. Captured by 



Champion B. Russell near Eshowe, Zululand. Flight 

 very rapid, settles on outer leaves of trees and never 

 on ground. Almost certainly injured by a bii'd. 



4. Precis archesia (J, March 9, 1901. This unilateral injury 



was pr jbably inflicted on the wing. 



5. Cha raxes gnderiana (;J,Dec. 31, 1898. All Charaxes here 



represented fly and settle like S. natalensis. Bird.s by 



