TREE PIPIT. 387 



Our Tree Pipit is a summer visiter also to Demnark, 

 Norway, and Sweden, and from thence southward is dif- 

 fused generally over the European Continent to Italy ; but 

 in Provence, at Genoa, and Rome, it is still only a summer 

 visiter, going farther south in September. It is known to be 

 an inhabitant of the Island of Madeira ; and most probably, 

 like many others of our summer visiters, passes the winter in 

 northern and western Africa. M. Temminck includes this 

 species in his Catalogue of the birds of Japan. 



The beak is dark brown ; the base of the lower mandible 

 pale yellow brown ; the irides hazel ; the head, neck, back, 

 and wings, olive brown, of two shades of colour, the centre 

 of each feather being darker than the surrounding edge ; the 

 smaller rounded wing-coverts blackish brown, edged and 

 tipped with bufFy white ; the greater wing-coverts also dark 

 brown, edged with pale brown, the light-coloured ends of the 

 two sets of coverts forming bars across the wing ; quill-fea- 

 thers dark brown ; the tertials large, with a broad outer edge 

 of pale brown ; upper tail-coverts nearly uniform brown ; the 

 outer tail-feather on each side, with nearly all the narrow 

 outer web, and part of the broad inner web, of a dull white, 

 tinged with brown, the other parts of the feather clove brown; 

 the second feather has only a small patch of dull white at the 

 end of the inner web, the remaining portion of that feather 

 on each side, and all the central feathers between them, 

 clove-brown, the two in the middle having lighter brown 

 margins. The chin and throat pale brownish white ; from 

 the lower angle of the under mandible a dark brown streak 

 passes backwards and downwards ; below this line on the sides 

 of the neck, and on the breast in front, are various elongated 

 spots of dark brown, which are better defined in the males 

 than in the females ; belly and under tail-coverts pale brown ; 

 the flanks streaked with darker brown ; the legs, toes, and 

 claws, pale yellow brown ; the hind claw considerably curved, 



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