VOL. XVII. (3) MAP OF CHELTENHAM 303 



much greater extent of the sand and gravel over the present 

 essentially clay areas was proved by the discovery of sand and 

 gravel in a ramifying fissure in the blue clay at Dean Close 

 School (11) and on top of the clay-bank near the Malvern-Road 

 Station (12). 



The following are some notes relative to exposures of the 

 gravel : — 



17 and 18. Gravel is exposed in the sides of both these ponds. 



19. The gravel is very noticeable in the arable ground here and again 



around Starvehall Farm (21). The area represented as gravel 

 to the north-west of the peaty tract numbered (48) was difficult 

 to map, because gravel and sand occur in a pockety fashion in 

 the clay-surface. Gravel, however, predominates over the sand 

 and the land is under the plough. 



20. There is a considerable amount of Oolite gravel here and it was 



once well-displayed in a deep trench. 



22. Here the gravel appears from beneath the sand. Many of the 



component pebbles are covered with ferruginous matter, derived 

 doubtless by the action of carbonated waters upon the yellow 

 sand-grains, for the sand-grains owe their colour to a thin pellicle 

 of iron oxide. 

 Gravel occurs in the neighbourhood of (35), but is too mixed up 

 with the clay to render possible its representation by its distinc- 

 tive colour. In a trench near the Prestbury Road it was clearly 

 seen to underlie the yellow sand. 



23. Traces of gravel were noticed here. 



24-25. The area represented as being gravel around Polefield is pro- 

 bably too great ; but it was found impossible to represent it 

 otherwise for cartographical purposes. At (56) sand was ex- 

 posed to a depth of 6 feet without the base being reached. At 

 (55) the blue Lias clay comes to the surface. At (57) 3 feet of 

 sand was seen resting upon three feet of coarse gravel and 

 at (59). I foot of sand on i to 2 feet of gravel. Between (24) 

 and (60) there was 4 to 6 feet of made ground and then o to 3 

 feet of well-rolled oolite-gravel mixed with a little ordinary 

 yellow sand. Along the road between (24) and (25) the sewer- 

 trench showed intermittent patches of gravel mixed with some 

 yellowish-green clay. 

 In the clay tract between the boundary line with the sand and St. 

 Stephen's Church, excavations along St. Stephen's Road and Lypiatt 

 Street showed occasional patches of well rolled gravel in hollows and 

 fissures in the blue Lias clay. Concerning the excavations in 

 Lypiatt Street to the north of the boundary-line of the clay and 

 Superficial Deposits, Mr E. T. Paris recorded : — " these excavations 

 showed from 4 to 5 feet of Superficial Deposits. As in Tivoli Road 

 the general sequence was sand overlying oolite gravel. The deposits 

 were very irregular and the thickness varied considerably. The 

 junction with the Lias clay was also very irregular and in places 

 tongues of gravel intruded downwards into the clay." 



Soils. — Reference to the map (Plate xxxiii.) will show that 

 Starvehall, Chestnut and Hunting-Butts Farms are all situated 

 on gravel-beds. This is mainly due to the fact that water was 



