SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE 
GENERA OF BIRDS 
(Numbered in accordance with the Plates and Descriptions in thts Volume.) 
ORDER PASSERES 
(PERCHING BIRDS) 
Bill various; feet adapted for perching on trees or on the ground (not 
for grasping, wading, or swimming) ; toes four, all in the same plane, three 
before and one behind; claws slender, curved, and acute. Food, various ; 
that of the nestlings, perhaps in all instances, soft insects, 
FAMILY TURDIDZ 
(THRUSHES) 
Bill as long as the head, compressed at the sides; upper mandible arched 
to the tip, which is not abruptly hooked, notch well marked, but not accom- 
panied by a tooth; gape furnished with bristles; feet long, with curved 
claws. Food—insects, snails and fruits. 
SUB-FAMILY TURDINZ 
Young in first plumage differ from adults in having the upper and under 
parts spotted. 
Genus 1. Turpus (Thrush, Blackbird, etc.) Bill moderate, compressed 
at the point; upper mandible notched, bending over the lower 
one; gape furnished with a few bristles; nostrils basal, lateral, 
oval, partly covered by a naked membrane; tarsus longer than 
the middle toe; wings and tail moderate; first primary very 
short or almost abortive, second shorter than the third or fourth, 
which are the longest. Page 1 
2. Saxfcora (Wheatear). Bill straight, slender, the base rather broader 
than high, advancing on the forehead, compressed towards the 
point; upper mandible keeled, curved, and notched; gape sur- 
rounded by a few bristles; nostrils basal, lateral, oval, half closed 
by a membrane; first primary half as long as the second, which 
is shorter than the third, third and fourth longest; tarsus rather 
long ; claw of the hind toe short, strong and curved. Page 10 
3. Pratfincota (Chats). Bill shorter and broader than in Savicola; 
bristles at the gapestrongly developed. Wings and tail rather short. 
Page 12 
4. Rurticirra (Redstarts). Bill slender, compressed towards the point, 
a little deflected and very slightly emarginate ; gape with tolerably 
large bristles. Nostrils basal, supernal, and nearly round. Wings 
moderate; the first quill short; the second equal to the sixth; 
the third, fourth and fifth, nearly equal, and one of them the longest. 
Legs slender, the tarsus longer than the middle toe, and covered 
in front by a single scale and three inferior scutellz, Page 14 
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