SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA OF BIRDS ix 
22. Pastor (Rose-coloured Starling). Bill slightly arched, forming an 
elongated cone, compressed; nostrils at the base of the bill partly 
covered by a feathery membrane; wings with the first primary 
very short, second and third longest. Page 56 
FAMILY CORVIDZ2 
(Crows) 
Bill powerful, more or less compressed [at the sides; upper mandible 
more or less arched to the point without distinct notch; gape nearly 
straight; nostrils concealed by stiff bristles. Hallux very strong, but 
with its claw not as long as the middle toe and claw. Birds of firm 
and compact structure; their wings long, pointed, and powerful; their 
feet and claws robust. In disposition bold and daring, extremely sagacious, 
easily tamed and made familiar. Most of them have the power of imitating 
various sounds, but their natural voices are harsh. They evince a remarkable 
propensity for thieving and hiding brilliant and gaudy substances, In 
appetite they are omnivorous. 
23. PyRRHOCORAX (Chough). Bill longer than the head, rather slender, 
arched from the base, and pointed; nostrils oval; feet strong, 
tarsus longer than the middle toe; wings rounded, first primary 
short, fourth and fifth the longest; tail even at the end. 
Page 56 
24 Nucfrraca (Nutcracker). Bill about as long as the head, straight, 
conical, the base dilated, and dividing the feathers of the fore- 
head ; mandibles blunt, the upper somewhat the longer; nostrils 
round ; wings rather long and pointed; first primary shorter than 
the second and third, fourth longest; tail nearly even. 
Page 57 
25. GARRULUS (Jay). Bill shorter than the head, conical; both mandi- 
bles equally curved, the upper notched near the tip ; crown feathers 
forming a crest; wings rounded, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries 
nearly equal, and the longest ; tarsus longer than the middle toe; 
tail moderate, slightly rounded. Page 58 
26. Pica (Magpie). Bill, nostrils, and feet as in Corvus; wings short 
and rounded; tail long, graduated. Page 59 
27. Corvus (Raven, Crows, Rook). Bill not longer than the head, strong, 
straight at the base, cutting at the edges, and curved towards 
the point ; nostrils oval; feet strong, tarsus longer than the middle 
toe; wings pointed, first primary moderate, second and third 
shorter than the fourth, which is the longest ; tail moderate, rounded. 
Page 61 
FAMILY LANIIDZ 
(SHRIKES) 
Bill strong, arched, and hooked, the upper mandible strongly notched 
after the manner of the FaLtconip#; claws adapted for capturing insects 
and even small birds. Sylvan. Young barred below. 
28. LAnius (Shrike, or Butcher Bird). Bill short, flattened vertically 
(compressed) at the sides; gape furnished with bristly feathers 
directed forwards; wings with the first three primaries graduated, 
the third and fourth being the longest. Page 73 
