xii SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA OF BIRDS 
forked. Claws considerably curved, that of hind toe of moderate 
length. Page 106 
43. PLECTROPHENAX (Snow Bunting). Bill with upper mandible narrower 
than lower, otherwise as in Emberiza. Wings long and pointed, 
first primary obsolete, second and third nearly equal and longest 
in wing, fourth considerably longer than fifth. Tail moderate 
and slightly forked. Front claws rather long and curved; hind 
claw considerably curved and elongated. Page 110 
44. Carcarius (Lapland Bunting). Bill with considerably inflected 
cutting edges (tomia) ; claws of front toes short and slightly curved ; 
hind claw nearly straight and elongated; other characters much 
as in Plectrophenax. Page 111 
FAMILY MOTACILLIDZ 
(WAGTAILS AND PIPITs) 
Wings with nine visible primaries. Inner secondaries nearly as long as 
primaries. 
45. MotTacirra (Wagtail). Cutting edges of both mandibles slightly 
compressed inwards; nostrils basal, oval, partly concealed by a 
naked membrane; first primary acuminate and nearly obsolete, 
secoud and third nearly equal and longest; one of the scapulars 
as long as the quills; tail long, nearly even at the end; tarsus 
much longer than the middle toe. Page i111 
46. ANTHUsS (Pipit). Bill and nostrils very much as in Motacilla; two 
of the scapulars as long as the closed wing ; first primary acuminate 
and nearly obsolete, second shorter than the third and fourth, 
which are the longest; hind claw very long. Page 116 
FAMILY ALAUDID 
(LaRkKs) 
Wings with nine or more visible primaries. Planta tarsi scutellate. Grani- 
vorous birds, frequenting open spaces, and singing during their flight ; nesting 
on ground and seeking their food there by running ; they are ‘ pulverators’, 
i.e. they shake dust or sand into their feathers instead of bathing. 
47. ALAupaA (Lark). Bill moderate, slightlycompressed at edges ; upper 
mandible more or less arched from middle. Nostrils basal, oval, 
covered by bristly feathers directed forward. Gape straight. 
Wings long; first primary short but unmistakably developed ; 
second, third and fourth nearly equal, but third longest. Tail 
moderate, slightly forked. Tarsus longer than middle toe; claws 
slightly curved and moderate, except that of hind toe, which is 
generally elongate and nearly straight. Page 119 
48. Orocorys (Shore-lark). Bill rather short, subconic ; upper mandi- 
ble slightly arched. Head—in adult male—with tuft of long, 
erectile feathers on either side of occiput. Wings long; first 
primary so smallasat first sight toseem wanting, second longest but 
third nearly its equal, fourth decidedly shorter, outer secondaries 
short and emarginate at tip. Tail rather long, slightly forked. 
Tarsus shorter than middle toe; claws moderate and very slightly 
curved, that of hind toe being comparatively straight. Page 122 
