SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA OF BIRDS xix 
85 Mareca (Widgeon). Bill shorter than bead, higher than broad at 
base, depressed and narrowed towards point; tail short, pointed ; 
tibia bare for short distance ; hind toe with very narrow lobe 
Page 192 
SUB-FAMILY FULIGULIN# 
Hind toe with lobated membrane; tarsi compressed. 
86. Furicura (Pochard, Tufted Duck, Scaup). Bill not longer than 
head, slightly elevated at base, broader towards tip; edges of upper 
mandible enclosing’edges of lower ; nostrils near base. Page 193 
87. CrancuLa (Goldeneye). Bill much shorter than head, depressed to- 
wards nail, which is elliptical and decurved at tip ; lamellez hidden ; 
nostrils near middle of bill. Page 195 
88. Harevpa (Long-tailed Duck). Bill much shorter than head, taper- 
ing rapidly to broad, decurved nail at tip. Lamelle slightly ex- 
exposed; nostrils sub-basal. Feathering at base of bill forming 
oblique line, advancing furthest forward on forehead. Wings 
rather short, pointed ; scapulars elongate and lanceolate in adult 
male; tail short, graduated except for two central feathers, which 
are long and tapering in adult male. Page 196 
89. SomATERIA(Eider Duck). Bill swollen and elevated at base, extend- 
ing up the forehead, there divided by angular projection of feathers ; 
nostrils medial. Page 197 
go. (Epemria (Scoters). Bill short, broad, with an elevated knob at the 
base, the tip much flattened; nail large, flat, obtuse, slightly de- 
flected ; lamellz coarse, widely set ; nostrils oval, medial ; tail short, 
graduated, acute. Page 199 
SUB-FAMILY MERGANINZ 
gt. Merrcus (Smew, Merganser, Goosander). Bill straight, slender, nar- 
row, approaching to cylindrical; upper mandible hooked ; edges 
of both mandibles armed with sharp teeth directed backwards ; legs 
short, placed far backward. Page 201 
ORDER COLUMB 
(PIGEONS AND Doves) 
Bill swollen at tip, convex ; the upper mandible covered at the base with a 
soft membrane in which lie the nostrils, with a valve over them; tarsicovered 
fore and rear with hexagonal scales. 
The birds of this order have considerable powers of flight, and perch freely 
on trees or rocks. Their food consists principally of grain, seeds, and the 
leaves of herbaceous plants. The young are fed on a milky fluid secreted 
in the crop of the old birds. 
FAMILY COLUMBID 
Tail with twelve feathers; hind toe with the skin prominently expanded 
on the sides. 
92. CoLumBaA (Wood-pigeon, Stock-dove, Rock-dove). Bill moderate, 
straight at base, compressed, point deflected; tail nearly even ; 
first primary much larger than sixth. Page 203 
93. TuRtTuR (Turtle-dove). Bill rather slender, tip of upper mandible 
gently deflected, that of lower scarcely exhibiting the appearance 
of an angle; tail rather long, graduated. Page 209 
