DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE-HISTORIES OF TELEOSTEAN FISHES. 819 
A little pigment exists in the interspaces of the rays over a limited area dorsally and 
ventrally. The pectorals have a large—almost semicireular—basal region, and a fan- 
shaped series of rays distally, so that they are still powerful, but the ventrals are visible 
only as two minute ventral papillee on the throat in front of the former. The body and 
tail have increased considerably in bulk, but the head and anterior region still remain of 
great proportional size. The angle of the mandible is prominent, and the jaw has the 
larval slope upward and forward. The eye retains its great size. The black pigment 
occurs on the top of the head—on which the chromatophores are now larger, along the 
base of the dorsal, and less distinctly along the base of the ventral marginal fin, with a 
streak in the middle line of the body towards the caudal region. The only other pigment 
is in the abdominal region—from the top of the pectoral in a line downward and _ back- 
ward to the anus, and this for the most part is internal. Yellowish-green pigment also 
occurs here and there all over the surface, so that the animal when living presents a 
greenish translucent aspect, and it is also noteworthy that the dorsal pigment is in two 
sections on each side, thus indicating the two original spots. The eyes at this stage are 
proportionally large, as in others of the group, of a bluish silvery aspect, and with 
a dark arch of pigment superiorly. The bluish sheen is probably due to interference, 
and not to any special pigment. The abdomen has a slightly pinkish hue from the 
Crustacean food which filled both stomach and intestines. The branchiz show simple 
papillee. 
At a somewhat older stage (Pl. XIX. fig 3) the three dorsal fins are distinct, as also 
are the two anal. It may be noted also that the first dorsal develops somewhat later than 
even the two succeeding fins, that is to say, it presents only a thickening, while they 
have rudimentary rays—for instance at a leneth of 10 mm. and 13 mm. In the latter 
the swim-bladder assumes a more elongate aspect. The ventrals show more evident rays, 
the growth of the body and head diminishes the proportional size of the eye. The snout 
is longer, so that the mandible bends less obliquely upward than in the previous stage. 
The blackish pigment has increased on the lines formerly mentioned, and also at the base 
of the abdomen, While in the earlier stages the tail of the young cod presents a straight 
notochordal process posteriorly, it now (at and near three-eighths of an inch in length) 
shows a distinet upward bend apparently from the development of the hypural elements 
inferiorly. The tapering tip of the notochord issues therefore from the upper part of 
the pointed central mass, the shape of the region, however, marking the usual 
transformation caused by the shifting of the ventral margin to the posterior region of 
the tail.* 
A month later, viz., on the 1st June, considerable progress had been made in the 
growth of the young cod, which were caught both in the trawl and in the mid-water 
net, sunk 3 or 4 fathoms in 6 or 7 fathoms of water, showing that these fishes gene- 
rally seek the lower regions of the water. The length of the smallest was about 4% 
* The great length of the notochordal tip (embryonic tail) in Lepidosteus is noteworthy (BALrour and Parker, 
op. cit., p. 874). 
