28 MANGROVE SWAMPS 
of both hemispheres. The Rhizophoraceae are the most prom- 
inent trees in all cases, but the species are different in America 
and in the Indo-Malayan regions. The composition is, however, 
very similar in East Africa and the Indo-Malayan regions. The 
tree species are few in number. In the Philippines twenty-five 
dicotyledonous trees have been reported from the mangrove 
swamps. The wide distribution of the species and the number 
of individuals of single species in the swamps make these forests 
unique among tropical forests. 
LIST OF SPECIES IN PHILIPPINE MANGROVE SWAMPS WITH NATIVE 
AND FAMILY NAMES 
Acrostichum aureum Linn. Lagélo. Polypodiaceae. 
Nipa fruticans Wurmb. Nipa. Palmae. 
Oncosperma filamentosa Blume. Anibong. Palmae. 
Xylocarpus granatum (obovatus) Koen. Tabigi. Meliaceae. 
Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem. Piagau. Meliaceae. 
Excoecaria agallocha Linn. Buta-buta. Euphorbiaceae. 
Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. Maragomon. Tiliaceae. 
Camptostemon (Cumingia) philippinense (Vidal) Bece. Gapas-gapas. Bom- 
bacaceae. 
Heritiera littoralis Dryand. Dungon-late. Sterculiaceae. 
Sonneratia alba (acida) Sm. Pedada. Sonneratiaceae. 
Sonneratia caseolaris (pagatpat) (Linn.) Engl. Pagatpat. Sonneratiaceae. 
Bruguiera conjugata (gymnorrhiza) (Linn.) Merr. Busain. Rhizopho- 
raceae. 
Bruguiera cylindrica (caryophylloides) (Linn.) Blume. Potdtan-lalaki. 
Rhizophoraceae. 
Bruguiera parviflora W. & A. Langarai. Rhizophoraceae. 
Bruguiera sexangula (eriopetala) (Lour.) Poir. Pototan. Rhizophoraceae. 
Ceriops roxburghiana Arn. Tangal. Rhizophoraceae. 
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob. Tangal. Rhizophoraceae. 
Rhizophora candelaria (conjugata) DC. Bakauan-lalaki. Rhizophoraceae. 
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Bakauan-babae. Rhizophoraceae. 
Lumnitzera littorea Voigt. Tabau. Combretaceae. 
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Kulasi. Combretaceae. 
Osbornia octodonta F. Muell. Tawalis. Myrtaceae. 
Aegiceras corniculatum (Linn.) Blanco. Saging-saging. Myrsinaceae. 
Aegiceras floridum R. and S. Tinduktindikan. Myrsinaceae. 
Cerbera manghas (odollam) Linn. Baraibai. Apocynaceae. 
Avicennia alba Blume. Api-api. Verbenaceae. 
Avicennia officinalis Linn. Api-api. Verbenaceae. 
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Tigbau. Acanthaceae. 
Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. Diliudriu. Acanthaceae. 
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. Nilad. Rubiaceae. 
Pluchea indica Linn. Kalapini. Compositae. 
