DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES 147 
saliva a characteristic red; and its continued use blackens the 
teeth and gums, eventually destroying the teeth themselves. 
Buyo is very generally regarded as a tonic and a general stim- 
ulant, but its excessive use is certainly harmful. Tavera cites 
as Symptoms of excessive use of buyo: loss of appetite, salivation, 
and general degeneration of the organism. He notes also that 
beginners usually experience a disagreeable combination of 
symptoms, including constriction of the esophagus, a sensation 
of heat in the head, red and congested face, dizziness, etc. The 
fruits contain about 18 per cent tannin, and from 14 to 17 per 
cent of fatty material. They are used to some extent in the 
Philippines in dyeing red and black shades. In the Indo-Malayan 
region they are generally used as a vermifuge. The active 
principle, arecaine, according to Jahns, is poisonous. It affects 
the respiration, the heart, increases the peristalsis of the in- 
testines, and causes tetanic convulsions. The bud or “tbud” is 
edible either raw as a salad or cooked, but Tavera states that 
disagreeable sensations, corresponding to those experienced 
when one first chews the nut, are caused by eating it. The 
large, tough, sheathing parts of the leaves are used as a sub- 
stitute for cardboard or strawboard, in protecting packages; 
for making the odd hats worn by some of the wild people in 
Mindanao (Manobos, etc.) ; for the inner soles of slippers; by 
school-children for book-covers; and, were they available in 
sufficient abundance, would apparently make excellent paper- 
pulp material. The husks are used for toothbrushes. These 
are made by cutting off one end of a piece of the husk square 
across the grain and scraping away the pulp for a short dis- 
tance. The stiff fibers remain like a row of short bristles. 
While this palm is of considerable importance in the internal 
commerce of the Archipelago, the fruits appearing on sale 
throughout the Islands, it does not enter at all, or only to a very 
slight extent, into the foreign commerce of the Philippines. 
The fruit is exported to India in considerable quantities from 
Java, Sumatra, Singapore, and other parts of the Malayan region. 
A number of forms, such as bungang-matulia, bingang- 
pato, and tagabtinga, are distinguished by the Filipinos. These 
distinctions are based chiefly, if not entirely, on the shape of 
the fruit. 
ARECA CALISO Bece. KALISO. 
Local names: Kaliso (Bagobo) ; sakolon (Manobo). 
This is a species growing on mountain slopes and in dense, 
humid woods. It is a slender palm about 7 to 15 centimeters in 
diameter and reaches a height of 6 meters or more. The leaves 
