KITTIWAKE GULL. 447 



Shetland, but from these districts the birds move southwards 

 by the end of summer or the beginning of autumn. Professor 

 Nilsson says it breeds on many parts of the rocky coast of 

 Scandinavia. Faber includes it among the birds of Iceland ; 

 and Mr. Proctor observed that it was plentiful. It is known 

 to visit the Faroe islands, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, and 

 Greenland. Captain James C. Ross says " it inhabits all 

 parts of the Arctic Regions, and has been met with in the 

 highest latitudes yet attained by man. It is extremely 

 numerous during the summer season along the west coast of 

 Prince Regent's Inlet ; where, in several places that are 

 peculiarly well fitted for breeding-stations, they congregate 

 in inconceivable numbers. We killed enough to supply our 

 party with several excellent meals, and found them delicious 

 food, perfectly free from any unpleasant flavour." Dr. Rich- 

 ardson found this bird common in various parts of North 

 America, and Mr. Audubon says it is plentiful on the shores 

 of the United States. 



South of the coast of France, which has been before 

 quoted, this species is found at Genoa in winter. Dr. 

 Heineken included it in his catalogue of the Birds of Ma- 

 deira ; the Zoological Society have received specimens from 

 Tripoli ; M. Savi includes it in his Ornithology of Italy, 

 and the Russian naturalists found it in the vicinity of the 

 Caspian Sea. 



The adult bird in summer at the breeding-station has the 

 bill greenish-yellow, the mouth inside orange ; the irides 

 dusky brown ; the head and the neck all round pure white ; 

 back and wings French grey, the secondaries and tertials 

 tipped or edged with white ; the outer margin of the first 

 primary quill-feather black, the next three tipped with black, 

 the fifth with a black patch near the end, but the extremity 

 white; tail-coverts and tail-feathers pure white ; chin, throat, 

 breast, and all the under surface of the body and tail pure 



