174 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 
Fig. 3 nearly front view. The mandibles do not he flat 
as in Fig. 1, but project nearly at right angles to the 
surface. Whatever other causes there may be for this 
position, one is imperative, they are too large in every 
dimension to occupy the space provided for the normal 
pupal jaws. 
It is the empty pupa case we are examining, so that the 
hiatus in Fig. 3 between the face and the maxilla is pos- 
sibly due to opening on dehiscence, but even so, it was 
rendered easy by the size of the mandible preventing 
correct apposition. The space seen between this man- 
dible and the labium is however a hollow, into which the 
mandible ought to have folded down. This hollow existed 
before dehiscence. 
The jaws are conspicuous not only by their projection 
but also by possessing the black colour, quite dense along 
the margin, so common in larval jaws. It is indeed more 
intense than in the larva of H. hyerana, in which the 
darkness is only intense along the teeth and is there only 
deep brown. They appear to possess precisely the same 
teeth as those of the larva, viz. five, of which the lower is 
broad and flat. I say appear, because though the teeth 
are evident enough, they are somewhat less crisp and 
sharp than in the larva, and one might count them per- 
haps as four or six. This is due to the circumstance, that 
the mandibles are not smooth and polished like those of 
the larva, but have a finely wrinkled and sculptured sur- 
face, similar to the pupal surface generally. They are in 
no way articulated, but are continuous with the rest of 
the pupal surface, though they are in a sense well marked 
off from it. But on closer scrutiny, a definite suture line 
as in the normal pupa is not easily determined, for ex- 
ample in the figure 2, the near mandible shows a quasi- 
suture at the base of the blackest piece, this however is 
followed by a wrinkled base, marked off by a slighter 
possibly sutural line so that one cannot say certainly which 
is the one that divides jaw from face. 
I awaited the emergence of the moth from this pupa 
with some interest. It had some difficulty in emerging, 
it left a portion of one antenne in the pupa case, and more 
or less damaged all its wings, I imagine, in struggles to 
free itself, It succeeded, however, and expanded its. wings. 
These difficulties had no immediate relation to the ab- 
normal pupal jaws, but probably resulted from some 
