206 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 
Ratzeburg has excellently illustrated the life habits of 
this latter kindred species in his “ Die Forst Insekten.” 
They appear similar to those of 7. gabrieli, with the 
one exception above mentioned (ante, p. 199). The pupa 
figured there differs in no respect from that of 7’. gabrieli, 
unless it be in the more pronounced spines on the femora 
and ventral surface of the abdomen. 
PARASITISM.—Though I have examined hundreds of 
larvee and pupz taken from trees infected in plantations 
and hundreds of burrows and pupa-cells besides, I have 
never observed any insect parasitic on this species. 
I have, however, once come on a full-fed larva of 
Malachius bipustulatus, L., in a pupa-cell of 7. gabrieli 
with a half-eaten pupa beside it. This individual pupated 
and duly emerged under observation. At about the same 
time I took an imago of this beetle on the bark of the 
same log. 
The Hymenopteron, Zrypoxylon figulus, Linn., with its 
parasite, Sfenodontus marginellus, Grav., kindly named for 
me by Col. Bingham, very commonly frequents the vacated 
burrows of Z. gabrieli both in bark and wood in the 
Leighton Buzzard district, as also do many other species 
of Hymenoptera. Found in the pupal chambers of gabrieli 
at the bottom of the burrows, these might at first be 
mistaken for parasites on the beetle larva by some. 
Disrase.—Small black specks and patches occur irregularly in 
the cuticle of the larva and pupa, indicating disease in these regions. 
Larvee so affected do not always die. I marked one to ascertain this 
point. In this instance I effected a rapid transformation by increased 
temperature, with the result that the larva threw off the black 
patches in the exuvie and became a clear white pupa, which duly 
emerged a perfect insect. In most cases, however, they die. 
In affected areas an asphalte-coloured chitinous substance forms. 
Sometimes a wound opens, or the affected area throws out a fleshy 
seta-like excrescence. In some cases the affection appears in the 
skin and spreads internally. In others a discoloured area is visible 
underneath an apparently healthy skin. I have been unable to trace 
the cause of this. The fact that it has occurred in larve reared by 
myself from the egg under glass excludes the possibility of injury 
by any but the most minute insect parasites. 
Mr. A. Gepp of the British Museum, in conjunction with Miss 
Lorraine Smith, has very kindly examined microscopic preparations 
made from an affected larva communicated by me, and informs me 
