180 ELEMENTS OF ORNITHOLOGY, 
To the cranium thus understood, the bony framework of the 
face is anteriorly annexed. It consists at its most anterior 
end of a solid cone of bone called the premavxilla—the apical 
portion of the upper bony jaw—which is attached to the skull 
behind by six long, more or less slender bars ; but not all these 
are parts of the premawilla. One of these is median and 
superior; one is median and inferior; two are external and 
lateral (one on each side of the skull), and two are inferior and 
intermediate—one on each side of the median inferior bar. 
These six bars form the framework of the face. 
Attached to the side of the cranium, just behind the orbit 
and in front of the external opening of the bony ear, is a very 
irregularly shaped moveable bone called the os quadratum. 
The conical apex of bone—which really consists of two bones 
(premawille) anchylosed and united in one—extends backwards 
in three diverging branches: one superior and two lateral. 
The superior branch constitutes the median and superior bar 
of the six bars just enumerated as making up the framework of 
the face. 
Each of the two lateral branches of the premaxilla forms a 
common base whence one of the two external and lateral bars 
and one of the two inferior and intermediate bars, above men- 
tioned, both take origin and thence project backwards. 
Each external and lateral bar of the face is an extremely 
slender one, which passes backwards. from the lateral branch 
of the premaxilla of its own side, to abut against the os qua- 
dratum. This very slender bar is made up of three pieces, 
whereof the more anterior is called the mavxilla, the median 
one the jugal, and the posterior the quadrato-jugal. This 
external and lateral bar is sometimes called the zygoma. 
Each inferior and intermediate bar of the face is an elongated 
but less narrow piece of bone—called the palatine—which passes 
backwards and inwards from the lateral branch of the pre- 
maxilla of its own side, to abut—almost always—against the 
side of the root of the “rostrum.” From the sides of the 
rostrum, just behind its normal junction with the palatines 
and from the palatines themselves, two other elongated bones 
called pterygoids extend outwards and backwards to articulate 
with the quadrate bones. They may, as in the Ostrich, pro- 
ceed outwards, not from the side of the rostrum, but from a 
more posteriorly situated part of the base of the skull. Thus 
cach quadrate bone is embraced between the end of a pterygoid 
