266 . ELEMENTS OF ORNITHOLOGY. 
Order III. PICIFORMES. 
Young born helpless, but pass through no downy stage ; 
hallux mostly present in the form of a hind toe, but sometimes 
the hind toe is the fourth digit ; a spinal feather-tract on a 
considerable part of the neck, well defined by lateral bare 
tracts, and not split by a spinal bare tract ; hind toe, or toes, 
supplied by flevor longus hallucis; no ambiens or accessory 
femoro-caudal; oil-gland always present, tufted or not tufted ;: 
feet generally zygodactyle ; rostrum of sternum generally not 
perforated for coracoids ; generally no basipterygoid processes ; 
dorsal vertebrae never opisthoccelous ; cervical vertebrae never 
more than fifteen. 
Suborder 1. Upupe. 
Deep plantar tendons free ; sternum perforated for processes 
of coracoids; palate desmognathous; sternum with two deep 
posterior notches ; oil-gland tufted ; spinal feather-tract forked 
cn the upper back; second digit not reversed; basipterygoid 
processes absent ; no cxca. 
Suborder 2. T'rogones. 
Each deep plantar tendon bifurecating to supply two toes; 
sternum not perforated for coraccids; sternum with four 
posterior indentations; palate schizognathous ; spinal feather- 
tract well defined from nape to oil-gland, but not forked ; 
second digit reversed; basipterygoid processes present ; oil- 
gland present and nude; ceca present. 
Suborder 3. Scansores. 
Flexor digitorum sending a tendon to third digit only; 
flewor hallucis joining just mentioned tendon, and then supply- 
ing hallux, second and fourth digits; sternum not perforated 
for coracoids; palate various; oil-gland nude or tufted; 
spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck and forked on the 
