276 ELEMENTS OF ORNITHOLOGY. 
bill ', the Turnstones, and various other forms. The second 
family is composed of the Jacanas *, whence it is termed Par- 
ride. The third family includes the Terns * and that singular 
species the Skimmer’. It is the family Sterntdw. The fourth 
and last family, Zaride, includes the Gulls °, with the Robber- 
gulls or Skuas. 
The thirteenth order, the Tubinares, with about 115 species, 
has the following characters :— 
Order XIII]. TUBINARES. 
Nostrils produced externally into tubes; young fed by the 
parents for some time in the nest; nasals holorhinal; dorsal 
vertebree heteroccelous ; hallux absent or reduced to one pha- 
lanx, the other toes directed forwards ; spinal feather-tract well 
defined on neck ; oil-gland tufted; basipterygoid processes pre- 
sent or absent. 
This order contains but two families, which are named respec- 
tively from the Petrels® and the Albatrosses—the first Pro- 
cellartide and the second Diomedeide. The genus Pelecanordes is 
by some deemed a distinct family, on account of its short wings 
and the entire absence of a hind toe. 
The fourteenth order, Pygopodiformes, contains 75 species 
in two suborders, which may be respectively termed, 1. Pygo- 
podes and 2. Alcw. Their characters may stand thus :— 
Order XIV. PYGOPODIFORMES. 
Young almost always born covered with down or feathers ; 
they may or may not run about or swim ina few hours ; hallux 
very small or absent; palate schizognathous; spinal feather- 
tract forked on the upper back or not defined on the neck ; 
fontanelles sometimes present in the lateral occipital bones ; 
tail small or all but absent; thigh, tarsus, and foot short ; 
toes webbed or lobed ; wing short; no basipterygoid processes. 
PaO. 3. Ve, Gt 3 P30: 
= 15h GOP oP 29: SP nol. 
