TURDUS USTULATDS. 395 



camp, and its manners so reserved, that we could not learn much regarding 

 its habits, nor did we hear its song. The latter, however, is probably little 

 diiibrent from that of the eastern bird, T. gnffatus pallasi. 



List of specimois. 



1051, $ ail; City Creek Canou (uear Salt Lake City), Wabsatch Mouutaius, 

 Utab, May 26, 1809. 73—123. Bill, black ; basal balf of lower luaudible, dull yellow; 

 iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, pale brown. 



14S7, 2 juv.; Parley's Park, August 5, 1809. 7^—12^. Bill, black, tbe lower 

 mandible i)urplish basally; interior and angle of the mouth, yellow; iris, dark brown; 

 tarsi and toes, lilaceous-white; claws, brown. 



1488, S juv.; same locality and date. 75—13. Same remarks. 



1489, 3 JMr.; same locality and date. 7f— 124. Same remarks. 



1498, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, August 10. 7^— 12. Bill, black ; basal half of 

 lower mandible, whitish; interior of mouth, deep yellow; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, 

 very pale brownish flesh-color. 



1499, S juv.; 75— 12f. 1500, ^ jur.; 7— 12§. Same date and remarks. 



TURDUS USTULATUS. 

 Olive-backed TItriish. 



a. ustulatus — Oregon Thrush; Russet-hacked Thrush. 



lunlus iistulatus, Nutt., Man., I, 1840, 400 ("ces^wiaiMs").- Baird, B. N. Am., 

 1858, 215, pi. 81, fig. 1 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 152 ; Rev. Am. B., 1864, 18.— 

 Cooper, Orn. Cal., 4 (part). 



Turdus swainsoni var. ustulatus, CouES, Key, 1872, 73 ; Check List, 1873, No. 

 5_b.— B. B. & R.., Hist. K Am. B., I, 1874, pi. i, fig. 2. 



Turdus swainsoni. c. ustulatus, Coues, B. N.W., 1874, 4. 



Turdus nanus. Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 4 (part). 



The Russet-backed or Oregon Tlu-ush, which we consider a mere 

 geographical form of the same species as Swainson's Thrush, or at most a 

 very closely related species, was first met with in the pine-region of the 

 Sierra Nevada, on the western slope of that range, at an altitude of about 

 4,000 or 5,000 feet above the Sacramento Valley. It inhabited there the 

 deep ravines, where the undergrowth was extremely dense and overtopped 

 by a thick growth of gigantic Conifera^, extending in a vast unbroken forest 

 for hundreds of miles over the mountains to the North and South. Eastward 



