426 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
c’. Seales rougher; first dorsal with a blackish median spot; a dark 
bar above the lateral line below origin of second dorsal (some- 
times indistinct) ; a species of the western Atlantic______________ 
carminatus. 
b®. Median scale of terminal rostral tubercles much more produced than 
the lateral pair; scaleless ventral fossa shield-shaped, two-thirds as 
wide as long; a species of the western Atlantic_______. caribbaeus. 
a’, Spinules on scales arranged in definite series; a median occipital scaly 
ridge present; species of the eastern Pacific and Patagonia. 
b*. Spinules on scales in subparallel series; species of the eastern Pacific. 
c’. Spinules weak, the median series not enlarged; five rows of scales 
between lateral line and origin of second dorsal; a species from 
Pam ania 2 EE ie Sees eR Oe 8 ee canus. 
c. Spinules strong, with an enlarged median series; six rows of scales 
between lateral line and origin of second dorsal; a species from 
the-Gulf of California Set we ea ee ee scaphopsis. 
b°. Spinules on scales in an enlarged median series and divergent lateral 
series ; four rows of scales between lateral line and origin of second 
dorsal: a- ‘species from<Patasonia! === ee patagoniae. 
B®. Subopercle with a conspicuous acute flap on its posterior margin; snout 
variable, but usually very long; ridges of the head strong, and armed 
with thickened, highly specialized scales. 
C*. Spinules on seales on parallel or subparallel carinae of equal strength; 
anus usually in advance of normal position just before anal fin; 
height of second dorsal equal to, or greater than, postrostral length 
of head ;* body with definite dark markings;’ an apparently natural 
group of small species of the south and west Pacific’_pARAMACRURUS. 
a*. Under side of head completely scaled; Australian species. 
b*. Eye longer than snout; occipital ridges very weak; boundaries of 
scales on head indistinct; 8 rows of scales above lateral line; 
interdorsal space one-third as long as base of first dorsal; dark 
bars extending obliquely forward_____________-- * aspercephalus. 
b?. Eve shorter than snout; occipital ridges stronger; boundaries of 
~ scales on head distinct; 5 rows of scales above lateral line; inter- 
dorsal space equal to length of first dorsal base; dark bars ex- 
tending obliquely-bachward: <=. 22. ee australis. 
a. Under side of head completely scaleless;° species of the Japanese, 
Hawaiian, and Philippine faunas (with the exception of C. fasciatus 
and C. innotabilis). 
ce, Snout much shorter than the very large orbit; a subantarctic 
SPeClés:- = 2 ne Se ee ee fasciatus. 
ce’, Snout scarcely if any shorter than the orbit, usually longer. 
ad’. A round blackish spot always present just above and behind pec- 
toral fin; second dorsal fin much lower anteriorly than anal. 
1Except in C. innotabilis, known only from young type; character unknown in C. 
cingulatus. 
2 Except in C. innotabilis. 
20. fasciatus has been recorded from South Africa. 
4 We are uncertain as to the relationships of this peculiar species. It possibly does 
not belong to this genus. 
5'This statement has been verified by examination of all the species included in group 
a2, with the exception of C. innotabilis, which is not closely related to either C. asper- 
cephalus of C. australis. 
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