1875.] THE PHILIPPINE AECHIPELAGO. 351 



0. melanoceplialus, and from 0. galbuJa ; or, in other words, 0. galbula is the older species, 

 B. acrorhynchus and its allies being subsequent forms, and 0. melanocephalus and its allies the 

 most recent f . A third species, allied to B. acrorhjuchus and B. frontalis, exists in Oriolus 

 formosus, Cabanis, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 392, " Island of Siou," the largest of all known Orioles. 



Oriolus, Linnaeus. 



91. * Oriolus philippensis. 



Oriolus philippensis, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 3, "Philippine Islands" (1831); Bp. Consp. 

 i. p. 346. 



Stated by its describer to have been discovered by Captain Hay in the Philippine Islands. 

 It is not represented in the British Museum, and does not appear to have been again obtained. 

 The type specimen was without feet or wings, and was procured from the natives. Its origin 

 might be considered more than doubtful, were it not that it was procured along with an 

 undoubted Philippine species [Melanopitta sordida). 



MERULIDyE. 



TuRDUS, Linnseus. 



92. TURDUS OBSCURUS. 



Bark Thrush, Lath. Synop. ii. p. 31, no. 24, " Siberia, woods beyond Lake Baikal." 



Ttirdus obscurus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 816, no. 48 (1788), ex Lath. ; Bp. Compt. Eend. xxxviii. 

 p. 4 ; Coll. Delattre, p. 28. 



Turdus rnfulus, Drapiez, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 443, "Java" (1826). 



Turdus palleus, Pallas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, i. p. 457, no. 98, "Dauria" (1831); 

 Temm. & Schlegel, Faun. Japon. Aves, p. 63, pi. 27. 



Turdus iliacus pallidus, Naumann. 



Turdus seyffertitzii, Brehm, Vog. Deutschlands, p. 387, " Herzburg, in Saxony" (1831). 



Turdus modestus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103, " Malaya.'' Xr. Z. S. ix. 



Turdus verneri. Gene, Mem. Accad. Torino, xxxvii. p. 291, pi. — (1833). P- 1!^7. 



Turdus javanicus,l Horsf., apud Blyth, Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 161, no. 942, " Malacca," nee Horsf. 



Turdus davidianus, Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Archives, i. Bulletin, p. 26, "North China" (1865). 



Turdus chrysolaus, Temm., apud Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 102, nee Temm. 



Hab. Philippines {Bonaparte). 



The occurrence of this species in the Philippines, in itself highly probable, appears to rest 

 on no other good ground than the statement of Bonaparte (/. c). 



93. Turdus curtsolaus. 



Turdus chrysolaus, Temm. PI. Col. 537, " Japan " (1831) ; Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 64, 

 pi. 28; Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 197, " Manilla." 



t This generalization is not grounded on tho phenomena presented by the Orioles alone. It is impossible not to be 

 struck by the numberless proofs the study of birds affords of the tendency of one species to develop into another. On the 

 phases of plumage in B. sinensii-; conf. Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 292, 



2z2 



