1877.] DISTRICT OF LAMPOXG, S.E. SUMATEA, 501 



128. Calornis chaltb^a. 



Turdus chahjlceus, Horsf. t. c. p. 148, "Java" (1820). 

 Lanius insidiator, Raffles, t. c. p. 307, " Sumatra " (1821). 



Javan, Malaccan, and Bornean individuals are not specifically separable from those obtained 

 in South-east Sumatra. 



129. StUKNOPASTOK contra. Ibis, 1877, 



Sturnus contra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 290 (1766). ^' 



Pastor jalla, Horsf. t. c. p. 155, "Java" (1820). 



Javan and these Sumatran examples are not separable from the Indian and Burmese forms. 



130. Gracula javanensis. 



Corviis javanensis, Osbeck, Voy. China & E. Ind. i. p. 157, "Java" (Eng. Tr. 1771). 

 Gracula religiosa, Linn. ; Raffles, t. c. p. 303, " Sumatra." 



The Sumatran examples from Lampong district are identical with others from East Java. 



131. CORVUS validus. 



Corvus validus, Temm., Bp. Consp. i. p. 385 (1854). 



Malaccan and Sumatran birds do not differ. 



We must accept Prof. Schlegel's assurance (Bijdr. t. d. Dierk. pp. 8 and 13, and Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, Coraces, p. 29) that Prince Bonaparte did not describe the Gilolo (Ilalmahera) bird under 

 the title of C. validus, but the Bornean and Sumatran and Timor (1) species. Still the Prince's 

 words (/. (?.), "rostro capite multo longiore, valido, curvato," read as if he were describing the 

 Gilolo species, subsequently entitled C. validissimus by Schlegel. Little is known of the 

 C. validus, as the learned Professor tells us (1. c.) ; and consequently its range has not been well 

 defined. The Sumatran bird is identical with one of the Malaccan Crows ; and Professor 

 Schlegel identified Bornean examples with the Sumatran. He further gives the island of Timor 

 as its habitat, and asserts that C. timoriensis, Bp., is but a synonym. But, by the context, the 

 Prince appears to have bestowed this title on C. macrorhynchus, Temm. apud Wagler, which is 

 the only species of Corvus enumerated by Mr. Wallace in his list of Timor birds. Professor 

 Schlegel, it is true, includes Timor within the range of C. validus only on the strength of a 

 single example ( $ ) brought from there by S. Mliller, which may well have been but an 

 imperfectly grown example of C. macrorhynchus. The C. validus, var., of Wallace, ex Sula 

 Islands (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 343), is certainly only a race of C. enca, a species apparently confined Ibis, 1877, 

 to Java, Celebes, and the Sula Islands ; and C. aimectens, Briiggemann, ex Celebes (Abhandl. P" ^^*^' 

 naturwissenschaft. Ver. Bremen, p. 64. no. 89), is not of the same type as C. enca. C. corcw, 

 apud Raffles (/. c), has been referred by Wagler, Schlegel, and others to C. macrorhynchus ; but 

 there is no evidence whatever that that species inhabits Sumatra, and it is much more probable 

 that Sir Stamford alluded to C. validus. Blyth (Ibis, 1870, p. 171) made the extraordinary 

 identification of C. macrorhynchus, Temm., with C. culminatus, Sykes. In the Javan bird the 



• 3t 



