PHYSIOGRAPHY AND LIFE ZONES. 21 



park the predominating forest trees are 3'ellow cedar, western hem- 

 lock, western tamarack, grand fir, Canada sprnce, paper birch, west- 

 ern yew, and devirs-chib, Avhich give a western character to the 

 forest, strikingly resembling that of the Pacific slope of the Cascade 

 Mountains. 



The shrubby growth of the zone is characterized by an'abnndance 

 of alders, numerous species of willow, mountain ash, shrubby birch, 

 shrubby juniper, Canadian buffalo-berry, red-berried elder, black- 

 berried elder, Pachystlma myi'sinites (an abundant little evergreen 

 shrub), red-berried and black-berried honeysuckle, thimbleberry, 

 gooseberry, currant, purple mountain blueberry, little red blueberry, 

 a great abundance of smooth Jlensiesia, and a little rusty 3Ienzlesia. 

 Among the many conspicuous flowers of the zone are the tall, white 

 globes of the bear paw, bear grass or squaw grass, the great j^ellow 

 western dogtooth violet {Eryfhwnium. g randifJ oruTn) , the green- 

 flowered hellebore {Veratrum vlride), the pine lily {Clintonia uni- 

 fora) like a white star on the lacelike forest carpet of TiareUa, 

 the yellow columbine, the deep-blue larkspur, light-blue Cleinatvi, 

 and baby-blue false forget-me-nots, the purple and the blue Pentste- 

 mon, the magenta Indian paintbrush in the open and the rose-red 

 Mimulus along the streams, the golden Arnica in the woods in mid- 

 summer, and later the goldenrod and purple asters and tall pink 

 fireweed. 



The common mannnals of the Canadian Zone are moose, elk, mule 

 deer, white-tail deer, red squirrel, flying squirrel, yellow-bellied and 

 forest chipmunks, gray-mantled ground squirrel, Columbia ground 

 squirrel, bushy-tailed woodrat, white-footed mouse, red-backed 

 mouse. Rock}' Mountain lemming mouse, long-tailed and big-footed 

 meadow mice, beaver, porcupine, jumping mouse, brown pocket 

 gopher, snowshoe rabbit, Canada lynx, red fox, gra}' wolf, northern 

 coyote, marten, Arizona weasel, grizzly bear, black bear, and the 

 water, dusky, masked, and Dobson shrews. 



A few of the characteristic birds are the loon, Barrow golden-eye, 

 and harlequin ducks, Franklin, Richardscn, and ruffed grouse, golden 

 eagle, goshawk. Cooper and sharp-shinned hawks, pileated wood- 

 pecker, Arctic and Alaskan three-toed woodpeckers, hairy wood- 

 pecker, red-naped and Williamson sapsuckers, black-headed blue jay, 

 Rocky Mountain jay, Clark crow, crossbill, siskin, junco, white- 

 crowned sparrow, gray fox sparrow, cedar waxwing, AVilson, Audu- 

 bon, and Macgillivray warblers, water ouzel, winter wren. Rocky 

 JNIountain brown creeper, red-breasted nuthatch, mountain chickadee, 

 ruby-crowned and Avestern golden-crowned kinglets, the northern 

 varied thrush, Audubon hermit and olive-backed thrushes, and the 

 mountain bluebird. 



