BIRDS. 107 



siskin, and liohemian wuxwino;; wliilc above timberline the number 

 of characteristic summer birds is reduced to three — the white-tailed 

 ptarmigan, gray-crowned leucosticte, and pipit. 



III. PERMANENT RESIDENTS AND TRANSIENT VISITANTS. 



AMiile most of tlie birds found in the park in summer are merely 

 summer visitants, coming north in the spring to nest and returning 

 south in the fall to winter, there are some permanent residents, such 

 as the grouse, some of the hawks, owls, and woodpeckers, together 

 with the jays, water ouzels, nuthatches, and chickadees, which pre- 

 sumably never leave the park. Similarly, the birds found in the park 

 in Avinter may be either permanent residents or winter visitants from 

 farther north, such as the snowy owl, great gray owl, redpoll, snow- 

 Hake, Lapland longspur. Bohemian waxwing, and northern shrike, 

 w hich come south during the fall or winter and return north on the 

 approach of sjiring. In still another category come the spring and 

 fall visitants, which merely pass through the park on their north- 

 ward and southward migrations, as some of the ducks, snow geese, 

 swans, phalaropes, snipe, and doubtless many of the smaller birds, 

 overlooked or unrecognized by casual observers. 



IV. KEY TO THE COMMONER SUMMER BIRDS. 



[$ male; 9 female.^ 



WATER BIRDS. 

 SIZE OF A GOOSK. 



I. Body gray, liead and neck l»lack. witli white throat patr-h 



Vauaila (loofic. p. 106. 

 r. Body l)lack and white, neck streaked witli white Loon, p. 113. 



SIZE OF A nrcK. 



Hrail partJij or irhnUn green. 



T. Head wholly dark sci'een. 



2. r.ill narrow. underi)arts wlioUy white or pale salmon 



Merganser, $ , p. 11.5. 

 2'. Bill wide, miderparts brown and white or brown and gray. 

 .3. Bill spoon-shaped, breast white, belly reddish brown 



Shoreller, $, p. 119. 

 3'. Bill not spoon-shaped, breast brown, belly gray 



Mallard, S . p. 117. 

 I'. Head partly green. 



2. Head dark green witli white spot at base of bill 



Harrow Golden-ei/e. S . p. 122. 

 2'. Head brown with green stripe on suh'^_(Jrcen-tt-inged Teal, $. p'. 118. 



