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found in extraordinary numbers at the South Orkneys, a large 
rookery alone containing over a million of birds. The birds return 
to land to nest in October, and early in November the eggs are laid, 
generally two in number, but occasionally three. The nests are 
composed of stones, like those of other penguins. The bird 
averages from 8 to rt lbs. in weight, depending on the season, and 
has a height of about 18 inches. 
The Emperor Penguin (Aftenedytes forstert) is essentially the 
penguin of the far South, and becomes rarer towards the outskirts 
of the Antarctic regions. It is the only bird known that breeds in 
midwinter, building no nest, but carrying its solitary egg between 
its legs on its upturned feet. The Emperor Penguin weighs 70 to 
to 80 lbs., and stands about 3 feet in height. 
The Ringed Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) is an uncommon 
bird in collections, but the Scotia naturalists have shown that 
the species is extremely abundant in the South Orkneys, 
There are many ‘‘rookeries ” in these islands, some of which are 
tenanted by at least 50,000 birds. This is the boldest of the small 
penguins, attacking fiercely anyone who enters the rookery. The 
nests are built of a few small stones laid loosely on the ground, and 
there is usually a clutch of two white eggs, which are hatched in 
acter: The birds weigh g lbs., and stand about 18 inches in 
eight 
The Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) does not penetrate far 
into the Antarctic area, and is most abundant in Subantarctic 
regions. At the South Orkneys and Graham Land it it found in 
smaller numbers than the Adelie and Ringed Penguins. It is the 
most timid of the penguins, and often makes no attempt even to 
defend its eggs. It begins to nest in October, and the eggs are laid 
in November. The nest is built of stones anid a few feathers, and 
is generally a somewhat larger structure than that of the allied 
species. ‘lhe Gentoo Penguin scales about 11 lbs., and its height is 
about 22 inches. 
The Blue-eyed Shag (Phalocrocorax atriceps) may be seen all 
the year round at the South Orkneys, and becomes common in the 
spring. _It isa relatively shy bird and only allows one to approach 
when it is sitting on its eggs. The nests are extremely well built 
structures of moss, lichens, seaweed and feathers. The eggs, two 
in number as a rule, are laid in November. The average weight 
of the bird is 6% Ibs. 
The Southern Biack-Backed or Dominican Gull (Lavus 
dominicanus) ranges from the tropics to the Antarctic circle. It 
returns to the South Orkneys to nest in October, and in the middle 
of November the eggs are laid. The nests, which are generally on 
low lying rocks and beaches, are built of moss, lichens and feathers, 
and while two eggs are usually laid three are not seldom found. 
The Sheathbill or ‘* Paddy’ (CAzonts alja) is the only true 
land bird of the Antarctic. It lives largely on offal, and for this 
purpose haunts the seal and penguin rookertes in spring and 
summer. Nesting begins in October, and the two or three eggs are 
laid in December, The nests are very primitive, being composed of 
egg shells, bones and feathers, and are built in crannies, 
