OF BRITISH BIRDS. 23 



Phalacrocorax carbo. 



The breeding-range of this species extends across Asia and Europe to 

 Iceland, Greenland, and the coasts of Labrador. 



Saxicola csnanthe. 

 The breeding-range of the Wheatear extends across Asia to Alaska on 

 the one hand, and across Europe to Iceland, Greenland, and the coasts of 

 Labrador on the other. 



Pica caudata. 



The breeding-range of the Magpie extends across Europe and Asia to 

 Alaska and the Western States. 



Podiceps niffricollis. 



The breeding-range of the Eared Grebe extends across Europe and Asia 

 to the Western States, and probably occurs in Alaska. To the south it 

 extends far into the Tropics both in Africa and America, 



Of these four species the Cormorant may be regarded as subarctic, sub- 

 tropic, and tropic in its breeding-range, the Wheatear and the Magpie 

 as arctic, subarctic, and subtropic, and the Grebe as subarctic, subtropic, 

 and tropic. 



North Atlantic Species. 



There are 20 species of British Birds which may be regarded as 

 North Atlantic species, inasmuch as they breed for the most part on 

 islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, and occasionally on cliffs on both 

 its American and European shores, but are unknown in the Pacific Ocean. 

 Six of these only breed in an arctic climate : — 



Alca alle. 



Alca troile brunnichi. 

 Colymbus glacialis. 

 Anser brachyrlnjnchus. 

 Bernicla leucopsis. 

 Bernicla brent a. 



Five others breed not only in an arctic climate, but also in a subarctic : — 



Larus argentatus. 

 Alca torda. 

 Alca grylle. 

 Fratercula arctica. 

 Somateria moUissima. 



