80 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 



The following ten species are subarctic as well as arctic : — 



Tetrao urogaUus. 

 Phi/Iloscopus trochilus. 

 Motacilla alba. 

 Fuligula fusca. 

 Turdus pilaris. 

 Char acinus pluvialis. 

 Acrocephalus phragmitis. 

 Ruticilla phmnicurus. 

 Charadrius hiaticv.la. 

 Scolopax major. 



The breeding-range of the following five species may be regarded as 



subarctic : — 



Ant h us arbor eus. 



Circus cintraceus. 



Sturnus vulgaris. 



Turdus viscivorus. 



Turdus inusicus. 



The following six species breed in subarctic and subtropic climates : — 



Muscicapa grisola. 

 Falco vespertinus. 

 FringiUa carduelis. 

 Corvus nionedula. 

 Cygnus olor. 

 Oriulus galhula. 



One species appears to breed in subtropic climates only : — 



Gi'us virgo. 



Species whose Breeding-range extends from the Atlantic to 



Longitude 85°. 



The breeding-range of twenty-nine species of British Birds extends from 

 the Atlantic as far east as about longitude 85°, reaching across Europe 

 and West Siberia, including the valley of the Ob ; and further south 

 embracing Chinese Tui'kestan and Kashmir. 



None of these species breed in the Arctic Regions^ but thi-ee of them 

 may be regarded as subarctic : — 



Muscicapa parva. 

 Hypolais hypolais. 



Sylr'ui iihoria. 



