32 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 



Species ivliose Breediny-range extends from the Atlantic to 



Longitude 70°. 



The breeding-range of forty-five species of British Birds extends from 

 the Atlantic as far east as about longitude 70°, an area which includes 

 Europe^ the valley of the Tobol, the basin of the Aral Sea^ Asia Minor, 

 Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. 



Of these species none are exclusively arctic in their breeding-range, but 

 five breed both in arctic and subarctic climates, and the range of the last 

 mentioned also extends to subtropic climates : — 



Emheriza citrinella. 

 Antlius pratensis. 

 Turdus iliacus. 

 Merula torquata. 

 Chelidon urbica. 



Nine species may be regarded as exclusively subarctic in their breeding- 



ranges 



Columba palumbus. 

 Fringilla chloris. 

 Fringilla ccelebs. 

 Muscicapa atricapil/a. 

 Accentor alpinus. 

 Corvus frugilegus. 

 AInuda arborea. 

 Motacilla rail. 

 Pratincola rubetra. 



The breeding-range of seventeen species is not only subarctic but also 

 subtropic : — 



Buteo vulgaris. 

 Milvus ater. 

 Scops scops. 

 Gecinus viridis. 

 Caprinndyus europcPAis. 

 Erithacus riibecula. 

 FrinyiUa cannabina. 

 Sylvia atricapilla. 

 RuticUla tithys. 

 Locustella luscinioides. 

 Acroceplialus tvrdoides. 

 Alauda cristata. 



