TWITE. Fringilla flavirostris. 



Resident on most of our wildest moorlands. Breeds in the alpine and 

 subalpine districts of Norway, wintering in Central Europe south of the 

 Baltic and west of Russia, 



LINNET. Fringilla cannabina. 



Resident. Breeds in Scandinavia up to lat. 64° and in East Russia and 

 West Siberia up to lat. 52°. Resident south of the Baltic, in North- 

 west Africa, Asia Minor, and Russian Turkestan. Winters in Egypt, 

 Abyssinia, and Cashmere. Eastern examples are large and brilliant. 



MEALY REDPOLE. Fringilla linaria> 



Irregular winter visitor to England and Scotland (only two Irish records). 

 Circumpolar species, breeding in the Arctic Regions of both continents. 

 Wanders in winter to the confines of the Tropics. Subject to much 

 climatic variation. 



LESSER REDPOLE. Fringilla linaria rufescens. 



Local resident, principally confined to the British Islands. Breeds on 

 some of the mountains of Western Europe, wandering in winter to the 

 adjacent countries. 



GREENLAND REDPOLE. Fringilla linaria hornemani. 



Accidental visitor, only one British record (Northumberland). Breeds 

 in the Arctic Regions of North-east America, Greenland, Iceland, and 

 Spitzbergen, wandering irregularly south in winter. 



SNOW-BUNTING. Emberiza nivalis. 



Irregular winter visitor, a few remaining to breed in Scotland. Circum* 

 polar species, breeding in the Arctic Regions, wandering irregularly into 

 the temperate region in winter. 



