556 



been enabled to establish a Valaiitia from among them, 

 referring the rest to their proper places." 



Order 48. Aggregate. " These constitute a natural 

 order, first established by Vaillant in the Memoirs of the 

 French Academy of Sciences. They agree so far with the 

 Composite, that they have generally a common calyx, as 

 well as receptacle, containing many sessile flowers, each 

 of which has always an inferior germen. But there is a 

 total difference with respect to the remaining parts of 

 fructification, nor can these two orders be, by any means, 

 united." 



" The calyx, as we have just said, is common to many 

 flowers. Common receptacle either naked, villous, hairy, 

 or scaly. In the place of a partial calyx is the corolla, 

 generally of one petal, regular or irregular, in four or five 

 divisions, rarely polypetalous. Stamens four, with sepa- 

 rate anthers. Germen inferior. Fruit single-seeded. The 

 flower is therefore complete in this tribe, except only Va- 

 leriana, whose calyx is scarcely apparent. The leaves are 

 often opposite, and the stem shrubby." 



Order 49. Composite. " A compound flower gene- 

 rally consists of a common calyx, containing several florets. 

 But this definition is not sufficiently discriminative, for 

 there are certain flowers termed Aggregate .which though 

 they have numerous florets in one common calyx, are con- 

 nected by no affinity whatever with these ; witness Cepha- 

 lanthus, Dipsacus, Scabiosa, Knautia, Allionia. Hence 

 botanists have tried to discover an appropriate and distin- 

 guishing character for a compound flower, but they have 

 scarcely succeeded. There are indeed flowers of this 

 order, furnished with solitary florets in each calyx, as 

 Seriphium, Corymbium, Strumpjia. All of them have a 

 monopetalous corolla, but so has Scabiosa and others. 

 Most have five stamens, but some have only four. The 

 greater number bear their anthers united into a cylinder, 

 but Kuhnia, which belongs to them, has separate anthers; 

 while Jasione, Viola and Impatiens, which do not, have 



