Propagation by Grafting. 209 
For root-grafts, the cions are cut from two to six inches 
long by different nurserymen. In climates subject to drought 
in summer and severe freezing in winter, the longer cions 
are more satisfactory, as they permit the stock to be cov- 
ered to a greater depth, and encourage rooting from the 
cion, which is regarded as an advantage. 
Root-grafts should be stored until time for planting out, 
as directed for cions (386). 
Fie. 110. Shaping the cions for root-grafting. A, making the “long cut”; 
B, cutting the “tongue” ; C, cutting off the cion. These positions, and the move- 
ments they indicate, are adapted to rapid work. 
392. Cleft-Grafting is generally employed when the 
stock is considerably thicker than the cion. The cut-off end 
of the stock is split across its center, with a grafting chizel 
(Fig. 111), and the proximal end of the cion, which is cut 
wedge-shaped, and a little thicker on one edge than the other, 
is so inserted into the cleft that the cambium of the thicker 
edge of the cion forms a line with the cambium of the stock 
(Figs. 112, 113, 114). Success is promoted if the wedge- 
shaped portion of the cion contains a bud on its thicker 
edge. When the stock exceeds an inch in thickness, two 
cions are usually inserted (Fig.113), to increase the chances of 
success. The elasticity of the stock should exert sufficient 
pressure to maintain very close contact between it and the 
cion. If it does not do this, it should be tightly bound with 
cord or raffia (393). The cion should contain at least one 
