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Transplanting. 219 
the damage done to their roots. It follows that plants en- 
dure transplanting with less facility as they advance in age 
beyond the period of greatest vigor (8). 
401. The Most Favorable Time for Transplanting, 
in the case of plants that live more than one year, is during 
the dormant period, because growth processes are then least 
active, and comparatively little water is needed. In coun- 
tries having mild winters, the most favorable time for 
transplanting is generally at the beginning of the dormant 
period, provided this comes at a moist season of the year. 
The roots will then have time to slowly callus over their 
wounds and to form new rootlets, and thus be prepared for 
active growth in spring. But in countries of severe winters, 
where the roots are largely frozen in the soil for two or three 
months during winter, spring is, as a rule, the more favor- 
able season for transplanting. 
Trees that have been long exposed to cold, drying winds, 
and have thus suffered depletion of water from their buds 
and branches, are better not lifted until the buds begin to 
swell. This is especially true of evergreen trees in severe 
climates. These being always in leaf, require more careful 
treatment than deciduous trees. 
We shall consider transplanting under three divisions, 
viz., a. lifting the plant; b. removing the plant; and c. replant- 
ing the plant. 
A — LIFTING THE PLANT 
402. The object to be attained in this operation should 
be to remove the roots from the soil with the least possible 
damage, consistent with reasonable economy of time and 
labor. Plants in low vigor should receive especial care in this 
respect. Very young plants, as of tobacco, cabbage, lettuce 
