Transplanting. 221 
placed beneath it. The branches are usually permitted to 
drag upon the ground in removal, as the wounded parts may 
be cut off in the severe pruning necessary in planting large 
trees (410c). 
Large trees may be lifted or lowered tojaccommodate 
grading. A trench is dug around the tree, leaving a cylin- 
der of earth intact about the roots. Soil is then removed 
from beneath one side of the cylinder, below the roots, and 
a block set under as a fulcrum. The top of the tree is then 
inclined toward the fulcrum by means of a rope, until the 
roots are lifted on the opposite side. If the tree is to be 
raised, soil is packed under the elevated roots, after which 
the top is tilted in the opposite direction, until the roots are 
lifted on the fulcrum side, when soil is placed under as be- 
fore. This process is repeated until the tree has been lifted 
to the desired height. If the tree is to be lowered, earth is 
removed at each tilt. 
404. Sacking the Earth-Inclosed Roots is practiced 
in lifting and removing orange trees in California, and might 
doubtless be profitably employed with other evergreens. A 
rather deep trench is dug at one side of the trees, and from 
this trench, the deeper roots are severed. The top earth is 
then removed down to the first lateral roots, when all the 
remaining large roots are severed at some distance from the 
trunk. The tree is next carefully lifted out, with the cylin- 
der of earth attached to its roots, and set on a piece of bur- 
lap or matting, which is folded about the earth cylinder and 
well tied. 
B— REMOVING THE PLANT 
Plants with their roots out of the soil should be carefully 
protected from mechanical injury, from drying and from 
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