THE ENEMIES OF IHE PINE AND SPRUCE AM()X(;ST THE AHCROLEPIDOPTERA XXHl 



and before its returning to the terminal bud in order to piipate; and that 

 the moth emerges through it, the pupal skin being left behind in the bud. 



This moth, which was previously unknown to our fauna, has hitherto been 

 recorded from the vicinity of Stockhohn, from Västerbotten and from the 

 North of Jämtland, where it is reported as being very common. 



The larva is almost white, with the head, prothoracic shield, the anal shield 

 and the thoracic feet dark-brovvn. Details of the larva are given in figs. i6 — 18 

 and of the pupa in fig. 19. 



Cacoecia piceana L. Young larvae, 6 — 7 mm. long, were found at Sand- 

 hamn in the Stockholm archipelago at the end of July, and hibernating larvae 

 were found in the vicinity of Stockholm trom the end of October onwards. 

 In May, full-grown larvae were found which ])upated at the end ot the month, 

 the moths appearing in the middle of June. 



When quite young, the larva is almost a miner, in the manner of the genus 

 (vleophora, but soon it begins to spin two or more needles together and 

 attacks these from the inner side. The larva hibernates in a tube spun ot 

 6 — -8 needles (fig. 20 b) and in the following Spring it attacks the oneyear- 

 old needles at the time when the buds burst, sometimes preventing their 

 growth (fig. 20 a). 



The larva attains a length of 16 — 18 mm; its body is light green with 

 small dark spöts surrounding the bristles; the head capsule, the prothoracic 

 shield, and the thoracic feet being for the most part black. Details of the 

 larva are given in figs. 21 and 22. 



Evetria resinella L. At the end of July at Sandhamn some discoloured 

 needles were noticed on the pines. A closer examination showed that, at the 

 base of their sheath, there was a round hole (fig. 23 a), and that at the base 

 the needles were more or less eaten (fig 23 b) away. At the base of the 

 needles there was resin, and under this the young larvae of E. resinella were 

 found. On further investigation it was noticed that whenever these needles 

 occurred the larvae were found close by under the bark of the shoots. 



In literature the larva is stated to attack the pith of the shoots. This is, 

 however, not true, at least with regard to the young larvae which on a one- 

 year-old shoot only make a furrow as far as the phloem tissue (fig. 24). 

 Details of the larva are given in figs 25 and 26. 



Ilcrinoia dodecella L. Opinions have differed regarding the biology of this 

 moth. SoRHAGEN only stated that he found the larva in the pine buds 

 in April. Eckstein adds the information that the female oviposits on the 

 buds in May, and that the larva hibernates. Nusslin, on the other hand, 

 informs us, (juoting DisqufL, that the larva first mines a pine needle, where it 

 hil)ernates, and attacks the buds in the following spring. My own observations 

 entirely confirm Nusslin's statements. At the end of June young larvae were 

 found mining in the distal part of the needles (fig. 30), and such needles 

 occupied by larvae were found throughout the rest of the year, the last time 

 on the i2th of December at Nynäs. In the following spring the larvae were 

 still found in the needles as late as the 2oth of April, but on the 2 4th of 

 April those kept in captivity left the needles and being then transferred to 

 small branches, in a few minutes they started spinning the characteristic silken 

 tubes (fig. 31), which are always to be found at the base of. the shoots attacked 

 bv the larva of Ileringia dodecella, and entered the shoots. 



