54 



early as March. All the species 

 are veiy ornamental ; but the tree 

 kinds are more so than the others. 

 C. jubata, -which diflfers from the 

 rest in having white flowers tinged 

 •with red, is a low shrub, not above 

 eighteen inches high, presenting a 

 curious shaggy appearance from the 

 footstalks of the leaves remaining 

 on, and becoming hard and thorny, 

 after the leaflets have dropped off. 

 C. Chamldgu, the Chioese Cara- 

 gana, which is naturally a low 

 shrub, forms a very graceful pen- 

 dulous tree, when grafted on a 

 stock of C. arhorescens, ten or 

 twelve feet high. All the Caraga- 

 nas were formerly considered to 

 belong to the genus Robinia. They 

 are all quite hardy, and will grow 

 in any common garden-soil ; most 

 of the species prefer a poor gravel ; 

 but C. arhorescens thrives best in 

 the neighbourhood of water. The 

 species are propagated by layers or 

 cuttings, or by seeds, which they 

 I ripen in abundance. 

 ! Carda'mine. — CrucifercB. — Low 

 ; herbaceous plants, natives of Europe, 

 and of Avhich C. pratensis, the 

 common Cuckoo-flower, or Lady's 

 Smock, and one or two other species, 

 deserve a place in the flower-garden. 

 C. tri folia is valuable for its early 

 flowering, and, with several other 

 species, is well adapted for pots or 

 rockwork. The soil should be kept 

 moist. 



Cardinal-flower. — The Scar- 

 let Lobelia. — See Lobe'lia. 



Ca'rduus. — CompositcB. — The 

 Thistle. — Some of the species are 

 very ornamental ; though they are 

 many of them tall robust-growing 

 plants, which require a great deal 

 of room, and are too large for a 

 small garden. 



Ca'rex. — Cyperdcece. — The 

 Sedges are well-known British and 

 American plants, of which only one 



species, C. Fraseriana Ait., smatixe 

 of America, deserves a place in the 

 flower-garden. It grows about half 

 a foot in height, has broader leaves 

 than the common Sedges, and pro- 

 duces its large white flowers, which 

 look like little Lilies, from April to 

 June. It requires a moist loamy 

 soil, or to be grown in a pot, and 

 kept in a pan of water. 



Carnation. — See Dia'nthus. 



Carob Tree. — See Cerato'nia. 



Ca'rthamus. — Composites. — 

 Hardy annuals. C. thidbrius, the 

 Bastard Safii'on, is an old inhabitant 

 of British gardens, and it only re- 

 quii-es sowing in the open air in 

 March or April. From the dried 

 flowers of this plant is made what 

 is called vegetable rouge. C. land- 

 tus L., the Distalf Thistle, is called 

 Keniro'phyllum landtum by De 

 CandoUe. 



Ca'ssia. — Leguminosce. — The 

 Senna Tree. — Only a few of the 

 species are from temperate climates; 

 and among these, C. corymbosa 

 Lam., is a very showy greenhouse 

 shrub, with yellow flowers ; and C. 

 raarildndica, from Maryland, is a 

 perennial herbaceous plant of easy 

 culture in the open garden. All 

 the ligneous species are readily 

 propagated by cuttings, and the 

 others by seeds or division of the 

 roots. 



Castille'ja. — Scrophuldrina;. 

 — The American Painted Cup, C. 

 coccinea Snrengel, Bdrtsia L., Eu- 

 chrbma Nut., is a hardy annual, 

 with yellow flowers and scarlet 

 bracts, which only require sowing 

 in March or AprU in the open 

 ground. 



Cata'lpa. — BignonidcecB. — De- 

 ciduous trees, one of which C. sy- 

 ringcefolia Bot. Mag. , is quite hardy 

 in British shrubberies, in which it 

 richly deserves a place on account of 

 its fine leaves and splendid flowers. 



