FOTHEKGILLA. 



121 



descended. The lieight to which a 

 jet of -water will ascend, therefore, 

 depends on the height which the 

 cistern that is to supply it is above 

 the ground from which, it is to ascend ; 

 and on the size of the orifice tkrough. 

 which, it is to issue. Something must 

 however, be allowed for the resi stance 

 which even a slender column of 

 water meets with from the air ; and 

 something is also lost by the friction 

 of the water on the pipes it passes 

 tkfough, if the place from which the 

 fountain is to play should be far from 

 the supplying cistern. The time 

 which the fountain vnW play depends 

 on the quantity of water which the 

 cistern contains ; and the evenness 

 and proportion of the ascending 

 column of water on the diameter of 

 the conducting pipe, which should be 

 five times the diameter of the orifice. 

 To explain this, we -vvill suppose a 

 cistern erected on a s\immer-house 

 twenty feet high, and that a fountain 

 is wished to play about a hundred 

 yards from it in a right line. Then, 

 if the diameter of the descending and 

 conducting pipes be two inches and a 

 half, and the diameter of the orifice 

 for the jet be half an inch, the water 

 will rise about eighteen feet high. 

 It must be observed, that the water 

 "will rise to a less height in proportion 

 to the distance which the fountain is 

 from the cistern, the loss by friction 

 being about a foot for every hundred 

 yards ; and also that if the pipes take 

 any bend or curvature, the loss by 

 friction becomes greater. The time 

 that the fountain will continue to 

 play may be calculated by estimating 

 the quantity of water the cistern will 

 contain, as a jet of the size above 

 described will discharge about sixty- 

 five quarts a minute. The pipes 

 should be of lead, a quarter of an 

 inch thick ; as, if they are too slight, 

 they are very apt to burst and leak, 

 from the great weight and pressure of 



the water ; and they should be carried 

 deep enough into the ground to be 

 out of the reach of danger from frost. 

 They should also be so contrived as 

 to present an uniform slope towards 

 the point from which the jet is to 

 issue, to prevent an accumulation of 

 air, or of sediment from the water in 

 the pipes, either of which v.ill prevent 

 the fountain from playing. 



Drooping fountains do not requii-e 

 the water to rise so high for them as 

 for jets ; and consequently the cistern 

 need not be so much elevated. The 

 beauty of fountains of this kind 

 depends on the adjutages, which are 

 so contrived as to throw the water in 

 many diSerent forms. For example, 

 some are intended to represent a 

 dome, and others a convolvulus, a 

 basket, a wheatsheaf, and a variety 

 of other devices. The vvater from 

 these fountains is generally received 

 in a shell, whence it forms a sort of 

 miniature cascade to the basin below. 



Four-oxlock-Flower. — A kind 

 of ^Marvel of Peru. See jMira*bilis. 



Foxglove. — See Digita'lis. 



Frames. — A frame in gardening 

 may be described as a bottomless box 

 with a cover of glass. The glass is 

 fixed in a sash of convenient dimen- 

 sions for being taken off and put on 

 again at pleasure, and the sides of the 

 box are of such a height as to admit 

 of the growth of plants of a foot or 

 more high. The back of the frame 

 or box is placed towards the north, 

 and is generally about the height of 

 two feet, and the frame being right- 

 angled, the side towards the south is 

 usually about one foot or fourteen 

 inches in height. The ordinary width 

 is from five feet to seven feet, and the 

 length may be three or more times 

 the width, divided into sashes of two 

 and a half feet or three feet broad. 

 The frame may be either set on a bed 

 of the common soil of the garden, in 

 which case it is merely used for the 



