12 



purpose of cutting holes or notches in the ice, its hind part 

 or lower end has to be fitted as a pick-axe of bone or ivory. 



Omitting a fuller description of the arctic hunter's modes 

 of proceeding, which so often has been given in various works, 

 we are now enabled to comprise his equipment in the following 

 list referring to the above statements: 



For hunting by kayak and partly from open boats or 

 from the edge of the ice: 



1. THE LARGE HARPOON WITH THE HUNTING BLADDER, 

 see : a, d, f, g, k. 



2. THE ORDINARY KAYAK-LANCE, see: a, C, k. 



3. THE BLADDER ARROW OR JAVELIN, see: a, d, i. 



4. OTHER SMALLER HARPOONS of various sizes, used in 

 some localities, see: a, d, e. 



5. THE BIRD-ARROW, see: a, d. 



6. SMALL HAND SPEARS, AND FOR WHALES LARGE LANCES, 

 see: a, d. 



7. THE THROWING STICK, see: I. 

 For hunting on the ice: 



8. HARPOON FOR STABBING, in watching at the breathing 

 holes see: b, d, e or f, m. 



9. HARPOON FOR SEALS LYING UPON THE ICE, see: a, d, e 

 or f, in. 



10. LARGE LANCES like 6. 



As already alluded to, the construction and the use of these 

 implements in connection with the means of conveyance vary 

 somewhat with the different tribes , partly according to their 

 different degree of development, but chiefly from the climate 

 and the geographical features of the regions occupied by them. 

 Exceptionally even, the natives of Smith's -sound, as is well 

 known, have no kayak at all, in other places the umiak is al- 

 most, or even wholly, wanting, whereas again in others it is 

 preferred to the kayak, and with these differences the imple- 

 ments "must also vary. 



