AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 



459 



TRA 



water may be thrown in to settle and wash in 

 the earth around the roots. Then fill in the 

 remainder and firm gently with the feet. 



Staking. — If trfees are tall and much ex- 

 posed to winds, a stake should be planted 

 with the tree, to which it should be tied in 

 such a manner as to avoid chafing. Large 

 trees may be secured by three or four guys, 

 fastened firmly to stakes, 



MoiiCHiNG. — When the tree is planted, 

 mulch it as far as the roots extend, and a 

 loot beyond, with five or six inches of rough 

 manure or litter. This is particularly neces-. 

 sary in dry ground, and is liighly advanta- 

 geous both in spring and fall planting. It 

 tends greatly to prevent evaporation and to 

 keep the soil moist, even in dry weather. 



Season for Transplanting. — The advan- 

 tages of planting deciduous shrubs and trees 

 •during autumn (say from October 1st- to 

 December 1st) admit of no question. As 

 transplanting makes inevitable the cutting or 

 disruption of a large portion of the roots, 

 these cannot throw out new fibres until the 

 broken roats become callused. If this is not 

 completed before the spring drought comes, 

 there is much danger that the plant will 

 either die or have a struggle for life, during 

 the first summer. If planted in autumn, 

 however, the broken roots will not only have 

 time to form a callus, but, as the soil is then 

 •warm and congenial, will throw out small 

 fibres which will permanently establish the 

 tree or shrub, and enable it to start with vigor 

 in the spring. If circumstances will not per- 

 mit of planting until spring, it is better to 

 obtain deciduous trees and shrubs in the 

 auttimn, heel them carefully in a slanting 

 position, where the callus will form, and they 

 ■will be ready for planting as soon as the 

 ground is open in spring. Autumn planting 

 is especially necessary with Larches, Japan 

 Quince, Evergreen Thorn and other plants 

 "which become excited by the first mild days 

 <jf spring, and in that condition may die by 

 ■transplanting. The exceptions are Magno- 

 lias, Tulip Trees, etc., in which there are cer- 

 tain structural conditions which make them 

 succeed best in spring planting. Many Ev.er- 

 . greens may be planted to advantage during 

 September, more especially if the season is a 

 moist one, and the ground in which they are 

 planted is sufficiently near the nursery for 

 .them to escape heating or the roots drying 

 out in transit. 



Herbaceous Perennials. — A large num- 

 ber of the hardy, herbaceous perennials, if' 

 J)roperly cared for, can be transplanted with 

 better results in the latter part of summer or 

 autumn than in the spring. All early-flower- 

 ing plants, which start into growth as soon as 

 the snow is off in spring, make their prepara- 

 tion for this the previous autumn. The mid- 

 dle or last of August is about the proper 

 season to transplant such, so that they can 

 finish their autumnal growth when th6y are to 

 remain through the winter. All such early 

 flowering plants as Violets, Trilliums, Ery- 

 throniums, Cypripediums, etc., are of this 

 class. The various varieties ot L. speciosum, 

 Jb. Washinqtonianum, L. Humboldtii, etc., we 

 find to flower better the following season if 

 transplanted early in autumn than if left until 

 thejx growth had matured or until spring. 



TRE 



Tra'pa. Water Caltraps, Water Chestnut. From 

 calcitrapa, an ancient insti'ument in warfare 

 with four spikes; the fruit of some of the 

 species is armed with four spikes or horns. 

 Nat. Ord. Onogracece. 



A genus of aquatic plants, natives of 

 Europe, India, China and Japan. They are 

 remarkable for the shape of their seeds, some 

 of which resemble a bullock's head and horns. 

 The seeds of all these plants abound in starch, 

 and are much used as food. Those of T. 

 natans, called Jesuit's Nuts at Venice, are 

 ground into flour and made into bread in 

 some parts of Southern Europe. In Kashmir, 

 and other parts of the East, the large seeds 

 of T. bispinosa, which are sweet and edible, 

 and known under the name of Tinghara Nuts, 

 are common food, and a large portion of the 

 inhabitants subsist on them for several 

 months of the year. 

 Trape'lla Sinensis. This is a highly curious, 

 floating, aquatic plant, the type of a new 

 genus of anomalous structure, referred to the 

 Nat. Ord. Pedaliacece. It bears a strong re- 

 semblance to Trapa in its foliage, but there 

 the resemblance ceases. The small flowers 

 have a funnel-shaped corolla, and the narrow 

 seed-vessels are furnished with usually three 

 long, rigid, hooked appendages, something in 

 the way of the fruit of Martynia, and other 

 members of the same order. It is a native of 

 Ichang and other parts of China and Japan. 



Trapeziform. Having four sides, the opposite 

 ones not parallel. 



Trautvette'ria. A name given by some botan- 

 ists to Cimicifuga, or Actcea palmata. 



Traveler's Joy. A common name for Clematia 

 vitalba. 



Traveler's Tree. A name grven to the Urania 

 speciosa of Madagascar. 



Treacle Mustard. Erysimum cheiranthoides and 

 Lepidium campestre. 



Tread-softly, Spurge Nettle. See Jatropha 

 urens. 



Treasure Flower. A common name for Ga- 

 zania. 



Tree Fern. A common name for Ferns with a 

 tree-like stem, as many species of Alsophila, 

 Dicksonia, Cyathea, etc. 



Tree Mallow. Lavatera arborea. 



Tree of Chastity. Vitex Agnus-castus. 



^ree of Heaven. See Ailantus. 



Tree of Sadness. Nyctanthes arbor-lristis. 



Tree of the Sun. A Japanese name for Retinas- 

 pora obtusa. 



Trefoil. See Trifolium. 



Bird's-foot. Lotus comiculatits. 

 Crimson. Trifolium incanum. 

 Yellow. Medicago lupidina. 



Trema'ndra. From tremo, to tremble, and an- 

 dros, a male ; the anthers vibrate with the 

 least movement of the air. Nat. Ord. Tre- 

 mandracece. 



This genus consists of but two known spe- 

 cies, both small green-house shrubs, natives 

 of New Holland. They are delicate plants, 

 covered with stellate down, and have axillary 

 purple flowers. They are but rarely culti- 

 vated, except T. verticillata, which is a very 

 beautiful plant, and has long been a favorite 



