SEEDING TO FODDER AND PASTURE PLANTS. 27 
and stones. His grandfather built fences with them. Seated on 
his tedder, he can shake out as much hay in an hour as his great- 
grandmother and her daughters could ina day. The raking, loading 
and unloading are now largely done by horse-power. 
The effect of meadow weeds: With the evolution of labour- 
saving machinery and transportation facilities have come the intro- 
duction and dissemination of farm weeds. The losses due to weeds 
in the fodder crop are not well understood. The farmer can estimate 
the depreciation in the yield of grain caused by weeds, but the total 
yield of cured hay may be actually increased by their presence. 
Badly infested pastures are good places in which to study weeds. 
It will be observed that many kinds avoided by cattle are less 
objectionable to horses and are sometimes even relished by sheep. 
Some weeds, as Water Parsnip, are very poisonous. Others, such 
as the mustards, docks and daisies, are not dangerous unless con- 
sumed in considerable quantities or for long periods, when their 
poisonous nature is made evident by the chronic ill-health of the 
animals. When grazing, unless fodder grasses are quite depleted, 
live stock are not apt to consume enough weeds seriously to impair 
their health. When allowed to select their own food in fields, the 
animals, especially cattle, usually thrive much better than when 
provided with even more nutritious rations in the stable. 
The acrid flavour of Wormseed Mustard, False Flax, Shepherd’s 
Purse and other members of the Mustard family is well known. 
They contain a strong irritant, the effects of which, if the weeds are 
consumed in quantity with cut feed, are best understood by those 
who have suffered under a mustard plaster. When fed for long on 
hay or grain that contains only a small quantity of the plants or 
seeds, the effects are less acute. They are first noticeable in the 
urine; the animal finally breaks out in deep ulcers, which, like those 
sometimes produced by prolonged applications of mustard plaster, are 
slow to heal. 
Most members of the Cockle family contain saponin, which is 
distinctly poisonous, and although they have not enough to prove 
fatal to horses and cattle eating cockle-infested hay, they conduce 
to an unthrifty condition indicated by imperfect digestion, loss of 
appetite, lack of vigour, a hot skin and gradual loss of flesh. 
Buttercups are strongly acrid and blister the mouth of animals; 
stock will not pasture where they are prevalent. When consumed 
in excess, or for a long period, they are said to cause abortion in cows. 
Many members of the Sunflower family are known to be un- 
wholesome, and some of them positively poisonous. Ragweed is a 
