12 FODDER AND PASTURE PLANTS. 
are especially fitted for pasture, as they stand tramping and provide 
green food the whole season. On the other hand, they are not good 
for hay, as most of the leaves are rather close to the ground. Timothy 
and similar grasses are less adapted for pasturing, as their bunchy 
growth and shallow root system make them liable to be uprooted 
or at least injured by tramping. But this type of grass furnishes 
excellent hay. 
The development and duration of a grass are also factors to be 
considered. Some start growth very early in spring, and are valuable 
when early hay or pasture is required. Others, starting late, are 
rather slow and are desirable for late hay or pasture. Some grasses 
are short-lived and die after the first or second year; Italian Rye, 
for instance, may be used in a short rotation, but is of no use for 
permanent pasture. Most of the perennial grasses reach full de- 
velopment the second or third year after sowing, and are valuable 
when permanent pasture or hay is desired. 
One variety is rarely grown alone, except when intended for seed, 
as mixtures of grasses or grasses and clovers generally give a higher 
yield of better quality. Orchard Grass, for instance, is generally 
grown with other varieties. If grown alone, it would be coarser, 
less digestible and less palatable. The farmer’s demand for the 
maximum yield of the best obtainable quality has led to the use of 
mixtures which give the heaviest possible returns in hay or pasture 
of the highest feeding value. 
To obtain a heavy yield it is not sufficient to choose grasses 
which are heavy producers when grown alone. They must be adapted 
to the soil and climate and be able to thrive together and make the 
best possible use of every inch of ground.. When hay is desired 
the worth of the mixture depends not only on the value of the indi- 
vidual grasses, but also on their ripening together. An ideal mixture 
is composed of species which reach the flowering stage at the same time. 
The proper time to cut for hay is generally during early flowering. 
If very early and very late grasses are grown together, the return 
will be comparatively small and the quality of the hay inferior. Which 
species should be used depends upon the soil, rainfall, and other 
factors. 
Clovers are often grown with grasses because such a mixture gives 
a better balanced feed and does not rob the soil of as much fertility 
as would grasses alone, which are heavy feeders. A ton of Timothy 
hay contains about eighteen pounds of nitrogen, six and one-half 
pounds of phosphoric acid and from twenty-eight to thirty pounds 
of potash. This is rather more than would be returned to the land 
by a ton of ordinary green farmyard manure. If no fertilizers are 
