RED CLOVER. 105 
hairs. This hairiness makes the American type somewhat inferior 
for hay, as it is apt to be dusty. Within either type numerous vari- 
eties can be recognized, differing in such practical qualities as yielding 
power, hardiness, maturity, stooling after cutting and duration. 
Most varieties are merely geographical ones. Such names as Chilean, 
English, Swedish, French, South or North Russian Clover do not 
mean that the varieties are botanically distinct, but simply that the 
seed is of a certain origin and that the plants are adapted to the 
countries for which they are named. 
Mammoth Clover, called Cow Grass in England, is one of 
the best known varieties. It has sometimes been called Trifolium 
medium L., but this is not correct, Trifolium medium L. being a dis- 
tinct species, clearly distinguished from Red Clover in many essen- 
tials (see page 98). As indicated by its name, Mammoth Clover is 
a large variety of Red. It is more decidedly perennial and has there- 
fore been called Trifolium pratense var. perenne, or Perennial Red 
Clover. The stems are long, coarse and generally spreading. The 
leaves usually lack the white blotch characteristic of common Red 
Clover. This cannot, however, be used as a distinguishing mark, 
as the common Red is often without the spot. Mammoth Clover 
is decidedly later; it blooms from ten days to three weeks after 
common Red Clover. It grows slowly after mowing and can generally 
be cut only once in a season. It requires the same soil and climate 
as Common Red, but on account of its stronger root system and 
perennial tendency it is more apt to thrive under adverse conditions. 
Its coarser growth makes the hay less relished by stock; on the other 
hand, its greater luxuriance makes it a better soil improver. 
It is not possible to separate seed of Mammoth Red Clover from 
that of Common Red. 
A modern improvement in this country is the laying their lands down with clover and trefoile 
for two years, and keeping it fed well down with sheep, by which means may pernicious weeds which 
used to trouble them greatly are got under, and their lands kept clean and in good order—Arthur 
Young, A Six Months Tour Through the North of England, 1769. 
Store of Bees in a dry and warm Bee-house, comely made of Firboards, to sing, and sit, and 
feede upon your flowers and sprouts, make a pleasant noyse and sight. For cleanly and innocent Bees, 
of all other things, love and become, and thrive in an Orchard. If they thrive (as they must needs 
if your Gardiner be skillfull, and love them: for they love their friends, and hate none but their 
Enemies) they will besides the pleasure, yeeld great profit, to pay him his wages. Yea, the increase 
of twenty Stocks, or Stooles with other fees, will keep your Orchard. You need not doubt their 
stings, for they hurt not, whom they know, and they know their keeper and acquaintance. If you 
like not to come amongst them, you neede not doubt them: for but neere their store, and in their 
owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can blame them) they are manly 
and fight desperately.—William Lawson, A New Orchard and Garden, 1618. 
