DISPERSAL BY WATER. 



805 



called Pediastrum, which is closely related to the Water-net, and of which one 

 species is shown in figs. 370<^>'''8> p. 640. 



The distribution of bud or sprout-like offshoots is seen especially in the Duck- 

 weeds, Alismaceae, Potamogetons, Utriculariacese, Droserace«, and Primulacege. 

 Most of the Duckweeds (e.g. Lemna iiolyrrhiza and L. arrhiza), which float durino- 

 the summer on the surface of still water, towards the autumn form organs on their 

 flattened stems which become detached from the summer plants, sink to the bottom 



Fig. 4i8.^Frogbit (Uydrockaris Mofniis-nince). i Winter buds rising to tlie surface in spring 

 which luive developed from sucli buds. 3 Older floating plants. 



- Young floating plants 



of the lake, and stay there during the winter. Each of these organs is pocket- 

 shaped, and in the hollow the next year's shoot is already laid down — of course, as 

 a minute structure whose semicircular free end scarcely projects above the closely- 

 adjoining edges of the pocket. These detached winter buds sink because their colls, 

 even those of the epidermis, develop large starch grains which are crowded together, 

 and literally till up the lumens of the cells. There are no air-spaces like those which 

 cause the summer-plants to float on the surface of the water; the stomata as yet are 

 closed, and the whole body, hermetically sealed from the outer world, now has a 

 specific gravity which causes it to sink down to the bottom of the water, where it 

 is protected against the frost. There it remains in a resting condition during the 

 winter. At the beginning of the warmer season the bud wakes from its winter 



