TYPES OF PLANT-COMMUNITIES. 893 



belonging to the first group, to which belong in particular many Composites, 

 Caryophyllacea3, Chenopocliacese, Papilionacese, and Cruciferaä, are multifariously 

 branched from the very base (e.g. Artemisia, Gypsophila, Salsola, Melilotus, Crambe); 

 the species of the second group have upright stems which are unbranched up to 

 the region of the flowers and bear entire leaves {e.g. many species of Verhascum, 

 Epilohiwm, (Enothera, Euphorbia), and the species of the third group possess 

 erect stems which have few branches, or none at all, but bear variously lobed and 

 compound leaves (e.g. Glycyrrhiza, Eupatorium, Tanacetum, Sambucus Ebulus). 



As regards the fourth or frondose type (cf. p. 888), we have already indicated 

 certain varieties. In describing the difierent communities of this kind special 

 emphasis must be laid also on the circumstance of the green laminae being entire, as 

 in Petasites, Tussilago, Nelmnbiuvi, AsaruTn, Scolopendrium, and Saxifraga peltata, 

 or divided and incised, as in most Ferns, several Aroids, and a few Hellebores. 

 We must also take into account whether the fronds or foliage-leaves are deciduous 

 or evergreen, as in Hedera and Helleborus niger. 



Ribbon-plants occur in great variety in both flowing and stagnant waters, be 

 they fresh, brackish, or salt. The general aspect of any particular aggregate of these 

 ribbon-like forms varies according to the area and shape of the foliage or thallus of 

 the species concerned, and particularly according to whether the stems or the stem- 

 like parts of the thallus are lax or packed close together so as to form a dense, 

 pulpy matrix. The most conspicuous examples of social species are Myriophylhi'm 

 with pectinate leaves, the Pond- weeds {Potamogeton) and Zannichellias with filiform 

 leaves, the Pond-weeds with broad, translucent leaves (see vol. i. p. 551, fig. 136), 

 the Grass- wracks {Zostera), Vallisneria (see vol. i. p. 667, fig. 155), and Cymodocea, 

 also a few of the Mosses (e.g. Fontinalis), various species of Fncus, Laminaria (see 

 vol. i. p. 588, fig. 139), 8argassum, Macrocystis, and Cystosira amongst Brown 

 Seaweeds, species of the genera Ceraviiutn, Gallithainniuvi, Polysiphoiiia, and 

 Lemanea amongst Floridese, the species of Bryopsis and Caiderpa amongst the 

 Siphonese, and the several species of Ohara and Nitella amongst Stoneworts. 



The points whereon the classification of Reeds is based have been already 

 indicated on p. 888. A number of distinct forms may be distinguished according 

 as particular species of Horse-tail, Sedge, Rush, Restiaceae, ScirjDus, Calamagrostis, 

 &c., prevail. The drawing of a Papyrus -swamp on p. 747 may be taken as 

 typical of this class of vegetation. In the North Temperate Zone, of those which 

 grow on dry ground the most prevalent species are those of the genus Calama- 

 grostis. A great many Reeds occur in the Tropics and in the Steppe regions of both 

 the Old and the New World, especially in the pampas, llanos, &c. 



The plants which constitute the dominant members of carpet include both 

 Phanerogams and Cryptogams. Of the former the most important are the inter- 

 weaving and tussock-forming Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes, the interlacing, grass- 

 leaved Caryophyllacese (e.g. Alsine Rosani, Gherleria sedoides, Silene acaulis), the 

 species of Houseleek (Sempervivurti) which form rosettes, the Saxifrages of the 

 Aizoon group, the loosely-woven delicat« Saxifrages which grow near springs, and 



