914 



GLOSSARY. 



Collective fruit, a fruit in which the products of a 

 number of separate flowers become so crowded to- 

 gether as to ajjpear as though they had arisen from 

 a single flower, as the Pine-apjale. Cf. Aggregate 

 fruit. 



CoUenchyma, a li\dng tissue, consisting of prism- 

 shaped cells whose angles are much thickened. It 

 is a form of mechanical tissue. 



Colony. See vol. i. p. 585. 



Columella, in Muscineae, the sterile tissue in the 

 centre of the sijorogonium around which the spore- 

 layer is formed. 



Column, the body formed as a result of fusion of 

 stamens with style, as in Orchid flowers. 



Conceptacle, the inclosing cavity in which the sexual 

 organs are produced in the Fucacese. 



Cone, the aggregate of crowded scales which bear 

 ovules or pollen-sacs in the Gymnosperms ; applied 

 also to the sporangiferous branches in many Vascular 

 Ciyptogams. 



Conidium, in Fungi, a propagative asexual body. 



Conifer, a plant producing cones; one of the Coniferae. 



Conjugation, the union of two gametes (or sexual 

 cells), the resulting organism being called a zygote. 



Conjugation-canal, the bridge which is formed 

 between conjugating cells of Spirogyra, &c., and by 

 which imjDregnation is effected. 



Connate, united congenitally. 



Conopodium, a conical receiDtacle (used of flowers). 



Contorted aestivation, used when the corolla appears 

 spirally twisted, the petals being so arranged that 

 one margin is external to a neighbouring petal 

 whilst the other is internal to the petal on the other 

 side. 



Contractile cells, in the anther, form a layer in its 

 wall ; their membranes are peculiarly thickened, and 

 by their hygroscopic contractions the anther opens. 



Convolute, applied to a leaf which is rolled up longi- 

 tudinally in the bud. 



Cordate, heart-shaped, as a leaf. 



Corm, a bulb-like fleshy stem or base of a stem ; a 

 " solid bulb ", as in Crocus, Colchicum, &c. 



Cormus. See foot-note, vol. i. p. 665. 



Corolla, the inner whorl of the perianth, composed of 

 jjetals. 



Corona, in Narcissus, &c., a series of ligular struc- 

 tures on 2)etals, which may be either free or united 

 together. It gives the appearance of an additional 

 floral whorl. 

 Corpuscle, a little mass of protoplasm which though 

 imbedded in the general protoplasm of the cell is 

 nevertheless an independent body, e.g. chlorophyll- 

 corpuscle. 



Corpusculum (of Asclepiad pollinium), the little body 

 connecting the pollen-masses and by means of which 

 they become attached to insects. 



Cortex, the portion of a stem or root external to the 

 vascular tissues. 



Corymbus, or Corymb, a flat-topped inflorescence 

 belonging to the centripetal or indefinite series. 



Cosmic dust, the minutely divided inorganic particles 

 suspended in the higher strata of the atmosphere ; 

 not necessarily of extra-terrestrial origin. 



Cosmopolitan plants are such as range almost over 

 the entire gloVje ; in contrast to plants that flourish 

 only in a certain locality (endemic jjlants). 



Cotyledons, seed-leaves ; the first leaf or leaves of 

 an embryo. 



Craspedromous, used of the lateral veins of a leaf 

 which run undivided from midrib to margin. 



Crateriform, goblet- or cup-shaped. 



Crenate, said of a toothed leaf-margin, the teeth being 

 rounded ; scalloped. 



Cross-fertilization, the fertilization of an egg-cell 

 by a male ceU borne on another individual ; fertili- 

 zation of the ovules of one flower by the pollen from 

 another individual. Occasionally used in error in 

 the text for cross-pollination (which see). Many 

 authors use the term as synonymous with cross- 

 pollination, but the practice is not good. 



Cross-pollination, the deposition on a stigma of 

 pollen which has been brought from another flower. 

 Cross-i3ollination, though probably leading to cross- 

 fertilization, is not synonymous with this term. 



Cruciferous, "cross-bearing", having cross-shaped 

 flowers: used of the characteristically flowered family 

 Cruciferte. 



Cryptogamia, includes all plants exclusive of Flower- 

 ing Plants : opposed to Phanerogamia. An old 

 term, persisting from times when the reproductive 

 processes of these plants were less well-known than 

 to-day. 



Crystalloid, a crystal-hke mass of proteid; a common 

 foi'm under wluch proteids are stored. 



Culmus, or Culm, the jointed and usually hollow 

 stem of Grasses and similar plants. 



Cupule, the bract-like cup which incloses the nut or 

 nuts in many Amentiferse ; it is the husk of the 

 hazel-nut, the cup of the acorn, the prickly envelope 

 of the Spanish chestnut, &c. 



Cut, a term applied to the lobing of leaf-blades; 

 incised; cleft. 



Cuticle, a continuous film on the surface of a plant, 

 formed of the cutinized outer surfaces of the epider- 

 mal cells. 



Cyma, or Cyme, a definite or centrifugal inflores- 

 cence: the laterals grow more strongly than the 

 primary axis and overtop it. 



Cyma composita, or compound cyme ; a definite or 

 centrifugal inflorescence, in which the ultimate parts 

 (cymes) are also arranged in a cymose manner. 



Cystolith, a concretion of carbonate of lime, gener- 

 ally deposited on a little tongue or peg of cellulose 

 jjrojecting into the cells of certain plants. 



Cytoplasm, the protoplasmic body of a cell as op- 

 posed to the nucleus. 



Daughter-cells, cells wliich arise by the division 

 of any cell. 



Deciduous, non -permanent : used of parts of a flower 

 (petals, &c.) which fall after flowering, and of 

 leaves which fall in autumn, &c. 



Decurrent, used of leaf-blades which have their bases 

 extending downward along the stem. 



Decussate, applied to leaves which are arranged 

 in pairs alternately crossing each other at regular 

 angles. 



Definitive nucleus, the nucleus which is formed in 

 the emljryo-sac by the fusion of two, one from each 

 end ; the endosperm originates from it after fertili- 

 zation has taken jjlace. 



Dehiscence, the act or mode of opening of a fruit, 

 anther, spore-capsule, &c. &c. 



Dendritic, tree-like ; repeatedly branched. 



Denizen, an inhabitant, a plant belonging to a cer- 

 tain district. Strictly (but not so used in K. and 



