INDEX. 



949 



Food-absorption, by coral-like and tuberous 



caulomes, i. 114. 



by Mildews, i. 166. 



by water, marsh, &c., plants, i. 75. 



general consideration of, i. 55. 



movements related to, i. 56. 



of Monotropa, i. 253. 



osmosis in, i. 59. 



similarity of, in Moulds, Toad-stools, 



and Discomycetes, i. 163. 



theory of, i. 57. 



Food-gases, transmission, i. 367. 

 Food-material, gaseous, i. 367. 



ultimate destination, i. 371. 



Food-salts, absorption by water-plants, i. 78. 



absorption of, i. 67. 



accumulation in uppermost layers of 



earth, through action of plants, i. 259. 



application of term, i. 66. 



cause of movement, 1. 72. 



conduction, 1. 513. 



dilute solutions best, i. 73. 



examples of selection by plants, i. 69. 



in liquid of water-receptacles, i. 242. 



raw, mechanics of movement, i. 269. 



theory of absorption, i. 85. 



transport, i. 366. 



Foot, of Acetabularia, ii. 647. 



— of Liverwort sporophyte, ii. 696. 



— of young Fern sporophyte, ii. 475. 

 Force, due to growth and ice formation, i. 



517. 



— of growing cells, i. 513. 

 Forcing, of plants, i. 564. 

 Foreign pollen and stigma, ii. 404. 

 Forest flowers, characteristics, i. 655. 

 Forests, type of community, ii. 887, 892. 

 Forget-me-not. See Myosotis. 

 Fork-mosses, White leaved. See Leucobryum. 

 Form, in plants, on what it depends, i. 50. 

 Formic acid, i. 463. 



in Nepenthes pitcher, i. 135. 



in stinging hairs, i. 441. 



offensive weapon of ants, ii. 233. 



Formic aldehyde, formation in assimilation, 



i. 456. 

 Formica exseota, protection of Serratula, ii. 



242. 

 Forsythia viridissima, Japan, reserve-buds, 



ii. 32. 

 Fossil Palms, ii. 742. 



— plants, agents in preservation, ii. 612. 



• ancestors of modem plants, ii. 595 



and modern distribution, ii. 2. 



— Mosses, occurrence, ii. 704. 



— Myxomycetes, ii. 619. 



— Vascular Cryptogams, cause of preserva- 



tion, ii. 612. 

 Fossores and Asolepiads, ii. 258. 

 Foster, discoverer of Balanophora fungosa, 



i. 190. 

 Foster-parent, selection of, by Orobanchete, 



i. 185. 

 Foster-root, of Lophophytum, i. 194. 

 Foster-soil, on trees, i. 106. 

 Fomrcroya, ii. 734. 



— cohering pollen- grains, ii. 97. 

 Foxglove. See Ditjitalis. 



— force of root-pressure in, i. 273. 

 Fox-tail Grass. See Alopeciirus. 

 Fragaria, i. 708. 



— nectary, ii. 174. 



— persistent receptacle, ii. 435. 



— procumbent, i. 661. 

 pull of roots, 1. 767. 



— runner, i. 664. 



— specific scents, ii. 488. 



Fragaria grandiflora, runner section, i. 735. 

 Fragaria vesca, fruit-ripening constant, 1. 559. 



vegetative propagation, ii. 801. 



Fragillaria virescens, ii. 626. 



Fragraia obovata, lattice on palm-stem, i. 681. 



supporting roots, structure, i. 761. 



France, South-west, plants with evergreen 



rolled leaves, i. 306. 

 Francisia eximia, leaf section, i. 279, 285. 

 Frangulinse, of Braun, ii. 605. 



Frankenia, habitat, extreme aridity of, i. 237. 



— salt on leaves and stem, i. 236. 

 Frankia Ahii, gall on Alnus roots, ii. 521. 

 Fraxinella. See Dictamnus fraxinella. 

 Fraxinus, arrangement of foliage-leaves, i. 92. 



— bark, i. 720. 



— bud-scales, i. 626. 



— flowering, ii. 150. 



— leaf, grooved rachis, 1. 232. 

 section, i. 232. 



peltate group of cells, i. 232. 



— pollarding, ii. 37. 



— pollination, ii. 138. 

 Fraxinus excelsior, age, i. 722. 



and gall of Diplosis Cotularia, ii. 534. 



— — dimensions, i. 722. 



distribution of sexes, ii. 298. 



&c., fasciation, ii. 549. 



fruit and seed, ii. 428. 



inflorescences and flowers, ii. 138. 



protogynous, ii. 312. 



Fraxinus nana, caUus, ii. 30. 



Fraxinus ornus, imperfect flowers, ii. 294. 



scent, ii. 200. 



Free cell-formation, nature of, i. 575. 

 Freezing of plants, i. 539. 

 modern views, i. 540. 



— protection from, i. 546. 



— theoretical considerations, i. 556. 

 Fritillaria and insect visits, ii. 222. 



— autogamy, ii. 332. 



— epiphyllous buds, ii. 43. 



— nectaries, ii. 177. 



^ protection of pollen, ii. 118. 



— waxy coating, ii. 237. 



Fritillaria cirrhosa, &c., tendrus, i. 692. 

 Fritillaria imperialis, ii. 731. 

 anther, ii. 90. 



— — bulb scales, i. 624. 



hermaphrodite and staminate flowers, 



ii. 297. 

 Fritillaria meleagris, duration of flowering, 



ii. 213. 

 Frogbit. See Hydrocharis. 

 Frond, of Fern, characteristics, ii. 705. 



morphological value, ii. 12. 



functions, ii. 476. 



Frondosse, of Braun, ii. 605. 

 Frondose community, ii. 888, 893. 

 Frost, and leaf-fall, i. 359. 



— and young foliage, i. 545. 

 Frozen, gardeners' use of word, i. 356. 

 Fructification, of Fungi, colour, i. 165. 



— of Loranthus Europseus, i. 211. 

 Fruit, accessory structures, ii. 433. 



— and seed of Coniferse, ii. 441. 



— boring, i. 618. 



— botanical definition, ii. 47. 



— broad sense, ii. 6, 427. 



— green, i. 376. 



— of Dudresnaya, ii. 50. 



— of Erysipheie, ii. 60. 



— of Ferns, ii. 68, 475. 



— of Fucus, ii. 53. 



— of Muscine;«, ii. 66. 



— of Penicillium, ii. 60. 



— of Peronospcrese, ii. 56. 



— of Vaucheria, ii. 58. 



— ripening and allurement, ii. 446. 



— types of, ii. 427. 



Fruit-formation, essential conditions, ii. 70. 



in Aspergillus and Penicillium, ii. 18. 



in Eurotium, ii. 679. 



Fruitful and unfruitful years, ii. 471. 

 Fruiting spike, of Arinn maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Fruit-production, result of interference with, 



ii. 453. 

 Fruit-ripening of Characese, ii. 62. 

 of Equisetacea;, ii. 68. 



— — of Floridese, ii. 62. 



of Marsilia, Salvinia, and Selaginella, 



ii. 69. 



of Muscine«, ii. 64. 



thermal constants, i. 559. 



Fruit-sugars, formation, i. 465. 

 Fruits, aggregate and collective, ii. 436. 

 Fruits and birds, i. 463. 



Fruits and seeds of Conifene, ii. 442, 443. 



— attachment to substratum, i. 615. 



— boring of, i. 619. 



— dry, subdivision, ii. 429. 



— indehiscent, ii. 427. 



— preservation through dryness, i. 262. 



— protection from desiccation, ii. 449. 



— size and weight, ii. 452. 



— so called of Ascomycetes, ii. 20. 



— with cupules, ii. 435. 



— with modified receptacle or pedicel, ii. 



436. 



— with persistent receptacles, ii. 434. 

 FruUania, pitchers on leaves, i. 255. 

 FruUania dilatata, ii. 698. 



mode of adhering to bark, i. 106. 



Frustule, of Diatoms, ii. 625. 



Frutex, i. 715. 



Fruticose Lichens, ii. 694. 



Fruticulus, i. 715. 



Fucaceas, as host plants, i. 77. 



— characteristics, ii. 663. 



— reproductive protoplasts, ii. 50. 

 Fuchs (1501-1566), i. 4. 



Fuchsia, flowers after pollination, ii. 286. 



— viscin of pollen-grains, ii. 101. 

 Fuchsia coccinea, &c., scarlet flower, ii. 196. 

 Fucoidese, i. 169; ii. 606. 



— size compared to attachment, i. 78. 

 Fucus, fruit, ii. 53. 



— no alternation of generations, ii. 481. 



— oosphere and spermatozoids, i. 29. 



— structure, i. 590 ; ii. 51, 664. 

 Fucus vesiculosus, fertilization, ii. 52. 

 Fuligo variaus, colour of, i. 32. 

 Fidler's Thistle. See Cirsium. 



Fumaria, behaviour to own and foreign 



pollen, ii. 407. 

 Fumaria claviculata, branch-tendrils, i. 694. 



— drupaceous nut, ii. 427, 429. 



— honey concealment, ii. ISO. 



— leaf -stalk tendrils, i. 692. 

 Fumaria otfieinalis, cotyledons, i. 621. 



flower, diadelphia, ii. 293. 



Funaria, hybrids, ii. 582. 



— spermatozoid, i. 29. 



Funaria hygrometrica, chlorophyll-granules, 

 change of shape, i. 381. 



Function, double, of various plant mechan- 

 isms, i. 308. 



Fundamentum. See JBypocotyl. 



Fungal bypliEe, modes of growth, i. 589. 



Fungi, i. 161 ; ii. 617, 620. 



— advantage of luminosity, i. 504. 



— as disintegrating agents, i. 99, 263. 



— at home, ii. PI. XIV. 



— characteristics, ü. 668. 



— division of Thallophyta, ii. 604. 



— effect on cells attacked, ii. 518. 



— ferment, i. 505. 



— fleshy, loss of bulk through loss of water, 



i. 216. 



— fossil remains, ii. 614. 



— hyphaj in bark, i. 100. 



— of Lichen community, i. 244. 



— on ground of woods, i. 109. 



— parasitic, alteration of form by, ii. 518. 

 cause of skin-diseases, i. 168. 



extent of attack, i. 164. 



hyphiB of, i. 165. 



numbers on one host, localized attack, 



&c., i. 168. 



— peat, unsuitable soil for, i. 102. 



— plasmoid, feeding of, i. 56. 



— rapid development of fructification, i. 117. 



— reason of abundance in woods, i. 252. 



— respiratory heat, i. 497. 



— saprophytic, i. 99. 



— specific scents, ii. 488. 



— variety of appearance, i. 110. 

 Fungtis-flies, i. 504. 

 Fungus-galls, ii. 521. 



Fungus melitensis, apothecaries' name for 

 Cynomorinm coccineum, i. 198. 



Fungus - mycelium, importance to roots of 

 plants, i. 250. 



Funiculus, of ovule, i. 644; ii. 81. 



