146 



The Dictionary of Gardening, 



Finns — continued. 



deciduous point : seeds winged. Branches spreadinfj, slioit, the 

 lower ones dyinj; off when in a young state. Ii. 50ft. to 100ft. 

 Bvitnin. A well-known tree, of which there are several varieties 

 of little value. It grows liest in a peaty soil, where the Heath 

 acts as cover, and affords protei'tion to the young plant, which 

 is ))ctter adapted for it than close herliage. When shifted to 

 different soil, the (|uality of the tree often degenerates, and the 

 wood becomes whiter and softer than in the original tyjio. 

 See Figs. 186 and 187. (Sy. En. li. 1380.) 



P. 8. altalca (Altaian). A compact, pyramidal tree, with muidi 

 shorter .md stitfer leaves. Ii. 50ft. Altai Mountains. 



P. s. argentea (silvery). Cones and leaves of a beautiful silvery 

 hue. 







Fifi. 188. PlNUS SVI.VESTRTS FA.ST1GI.\TA. 



P. 8. fastiglata (pyramidal). A form only differing from the 

 type in its colunniar habit. See Fig. 188. 



P. s. horizontali8 (horizontal). I. broader and more glaucous 

 than in the type, cones thicker, less pointed. Branches quite 

 horizontal. 



P. S._latifoUa (l>road-leaved). A robust and rapid-growing form, 

 having nuich brnailer, more glaucous, .and longer leaves tlian any 

 other variety of /'. siilrfslris, 



P. 8. monophylla (oneleaved). A singular variety. The leaves 

 are "attached to each other thmughout their lengtli, and have 

 the appearance of being miited ; but by giving them a twist, 

 they separate into two, like the ordinary Scotch Fir " ((iordon, 

 " Pinetum "). 



Finus — continued. 

 P. 8. variegata (variegated). (. variegated with pale straw- 



Colnur. 



P, tuberculata (tubercled). /. deep green, triquetrous, with an 

 elevated ritp running along the unddle on the under side, twisted, 

 the edges scabrous, conca varying in size, from 4in. to 8in. 

 long : .scales very prominent, deeply divided from each other. 

 h. 25ft. to 40ft. California, 1847. A h,andsonie species when in 

 a young state. 



Several species, not mentioned in the foregoing list, are occa- 

 sionally seen in cultivation, but they are, as a rule, too tender for 

 our climate ; and several others are of no horticultural value. 



FIONANDRA. A synonym of Cyphomandra 



(which .^ee). 



FIONEA FORFICALIS (Garden Pebble Moth). An 

 insect living, in the larval state, on the leaves of Cabbages 

 and Horse-radisb, as well as on Hedge Mu.stard and 

 other uncultivated Cntrifenp. The moth is common 

 throughout the country. It is a little over lin. in spread 

 of wings. The front wings are rather pointed at the tip, 

 and in coloitr are dull straw-yellow, shaded with pale 

 brown ; a brown line runs from the tip to the middle of 

 the inner margin, and another nearly parallel to it, but 

 paler brown, crosses the middle of the wing, widening 

 towards the front margin into a dark, ill-defined spot. 

 There are also one or two other less distinct lines, run- 

 ning in the same general directions with these. The 

 body is pale, shining straw-yellow in colour, as are also 

 the hind wings, which have a brown marginal line, and 

 a brown line running parallel with it. The larva has six 

 true legs and ten prolegs ; it is yellowish-green, with a 

 darker green line down the middle of the back, and one 

 along each side, bordered above with a white line. The 

 head is brown. There are usually two broods in the year. 

 Some moths emerge in May. They lay eggs, and from 

 these emerge larvae, which feed on the plants named 

 above, usually between the leaves, under protection of a 

 thin web of threads. They turn, in the soil, into pupae, 

 from which moths emerge about August. These produce 

 a new brood of larvic, which feed up in autumn, to become 

 moths in the following May. The damage done by the 

 moths is seldom serious, though the larva; are trouble- 

 some in often being boiled between the leaves of Cabbages 

 and served at table. The ordy practicable remedies are 

 picking off the larva! and catching and killing the moths. 



FIONY. S^p Faeouia. 



FIOFHILA AFII (Celery-stem Fly). A fly which 

 has been described by Professor Westwood, in the 

 " Gardeners' Chronicle," as injurious to Celery. The 

 yellowish - white maggots burrow, during winter and 

 spring, in the stems, eating their way upwards, and 

 leaving burrows of a rusty-red colour in the tissues. 

 They are blunt behind, but taper in front, and have two 

 black hooks in the front end. The maggots change into 

 pupa; in the stem, and the flies emerge in May. They 

 are of a glossy black colour, with a coat of golden-grey 

 hau'S ; the head is chestnut-brown, with a black apex ; 

 the two wings are clear, with yellow^ veins : and the legs 

 are straw-coloure<l, with dusky feet. The spread of 

 wings is a little over im., the length of head and body 

 hardly {in. 



Reiiieiiii. The only useful remedy seems to be the 

 biirning of all plants showing signs of disease, to prevent 

 the injury from spreading. 



FIFER (the old Latin name, akin to the Greek 

 Peperi, and Sanscrit Pippalti). Pepper. Including 

 Arlantlie, Chnmra, Cuheha, &c. Okd. Piperareo'. A 

 vast genus (upwards of 000 species have been described) 

 of stove, rarely nearly hardy, shrubs, sometimes climbing, 

 rarely trees or tall herbs, with branches often articulated 

 at the nodes ; they are broadly dispersed over the warmer 

 regions of the globe, and are very numerous in tropical 

 America. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, densely 

 cylindrical-spicate or rarely sub-racemose, subtended by 

 peltate, adnate, or concave bracts ; perianth none ; 



