250 



The Dictionary of Gardening, 



Fnccinia — continued. 



4. P. Grussulariw is described as having teleuto- 

 spores of the ordinary type, and also as possessing 

 an aicidium, known as yE. Grossularia:. The latter is 

 very plentiful in some years, on discoloured spots on 

 leaves and fruits of the Gooseberry, throughout Britain ; 

 but the Puccinin has not as yet been recorded as 

 British. The relation of the two forms to one another 

 cannot be yet assumed as fully proved. The iscidium 

 does not, in general, do much harm to the leaves and 

 branches ; but, when it grows on the fruits, it renders 

 them useless, and thus, in some years, destroys a con- 

 siderable part of the crop. It causes the formation of 

 thickened, orange-red patches in the parts affected ; in 

 these the cups occur. The patches are usually about 

 iin. across. The teleutospores are elliptic or clavate, 

 chestnut-brown, and covered with broad, low warts. 



5. P. mixta has done very serious harm to Chives 

 (Allium Scluenoitmsam), and other species of Allium. 

 including all, or nearly all, the cultivated forms of 

 Onions. It has been observed as hurtful at Shrewsbury, 

 and near Aberdeen. This species of Puccinia has spores 

 of three forms present at one time, viz., a uredospore, 

 formerly called ('. AlUorum, and two forms of teleuto- 

 spores — viz., one a Puccinia (two-celled), of oblong form ; 

 and the other one-celled, formerly known as Uromijcen 

 Alliorum. Both the latter forms are attached to long 

 stalks, and both are smooth and brown. 



6. P. Menthm grows abundantly on the wild species of 

 Mentha, and also on the garden Mints, and on various 

 allied Lahiatw. This Fungus possesses all the three 

 forms of spores. The a-'cidium often grows on the young 

 shoots, and causes marked deformities and stoppage of 

 growth in them ; generally, it gives rise to long, dark 

 red or purple patches on which the paler cups are 

 scattered. The uredospores and the teleutospores form 

 small masses, either irregularly scattered or in concentric 

 arrangement. The former spores are pale brown, warty, 

 and rounded ; the latter are deep brown, and broadly 

 elliptical with rounded ends. 



7. P. Gentianw, in 188.5, proved very hurtful to Gen- 

 tiana acaulis, in Kew Gardens, forming spots of teleuto- 

 spores as in P. Menthce. They resemble the spores of 

 the latter species in form, but are smooth. The 

 a3oidium has not been observed in England. 



The hetercecious species of Puccijiia are of little im- 

 portance to gardeners, since they do no harm to garden 

 produce in the strict sense. To the systematic student 

 of this group they are of the greatest interest, because of 

 the many problems connected with their mode of life, 

 and the careful and continued experiments required to 

 permit of referring the various forms to their proper 

 cycles. Much still remains to bo done in this group. 

 Several of them are found on grasses in their uredospore 

 and teleutospore stages, but are believed to form their 

 aecidia on other plants, usually on Dicotyledons. Others 

 occur in the two former stages on Sedges (Care-r), and 

 in the latter on Dicotyledons. P. (jrnminis, to which 

 reference has already been made, is a well-known "rust" 

 of cereals and of other grasses ; its uredospores, formerly 

 called Uredo lineiiris. being one of the "red rusts," 

 and its teleutospores one of the " black rusts." Its 

 fficidiospores are believed to be .-Ecidiuui Berberidis, fre- 

 quently so common, in the form of orange-red patches, 

 on the leaves of Barberries and of Berberis Aquifolium, 

 in shrubberies and by roadsides. None of the other 

 hetercecious species grow on garden plants, but mention 

 is here made of one or two of the cycles that are now 

 admitted, by those who accept heteriucism, as proved to 

 occur among IJfedinew. 



P. rubiijo-vem. The uredospores (Vredo rubigo-vera) 

 and teleutospores (P. straminis) form " rusts" on grasses ; 

 the ajcidiospores (.E. asperifolii, JE. lycopsodis) live on 

 many species of Bnrnginew. 



Fnccinia — continued. 



P. runintita. The uredospores and teleutospores occur 

 on grasses, the scidiospores {^E. Rhamni) on species of 

 RliamiiHs. 



P. 'pourum. The uredospores and teleutospores occur on 

 Poa annurt, P. iiemondis, and P. pratensis ; the jecidio- 

 spores (-3?. Tussilaginin) on Coltsfoot {Tus^ilago Farfara). 



P. Caricis. The uredospores (U. Caricig) and teleuto^ 

 spores (P. striola) occur on species of Care:r ; the aicidio- 

 spores (.-B. Vrticoe) on Nettles. 



P. silvatica. The uredospores and teleutospores live 

 on certain species of Care.v, the ajcidiospores on Dande- 

 lion (TdrtLcucum o^^ciiudis). 



FUCHA-FAT. A common Indian name for Pugo- 

 stenioii Palrhniili. 



FUDDING BERRIES. The ediljle fruits of Cornus 

 canndfnsis. 



FUERARIA (named in honour of M. M. N. Puerari, 



a botanical professor at Copenhagen). SvN. Neu.itaiitltus. 

 Ord. Lcgumiiwsw. A genus consisting of ten species 

 of greenhouse, climbing herbs or sub-shrubs, natives of 

 tropical Asia and Japan. Flowers blue or purjilish, dis- 

 posed on elongated, axillary peduncles, or sub-paniculate 

 and fasciculately racemose at the apices of the branches ; 

 standard obovate or sub-orbiculate, the auricles mflexed, 

 appendiculate ; bracts small or narrow, very caducous. 

 Pods elongated, two-valved. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate ; 

 leaflets ample, ovate or rhomboid, entire or sinuately tri- 

 lobed, stipellate. The only three species introduced are 

 those described below. For culture, see Clitoria. 

 P. Thunbergiana (Thunbers's). H., .stamlanl cifiht to nine 

 lines long, equalling the keel ; peduncles elunf;;ited, floriferous 

 above the middle. .Summer. I., leaflets broadly rhomboid, or 

 the lateral ones broadly ancl obliquely ovate, acuminate, entire or 

 broadly sinuate-trilobed, often 4iu. to Sin. in diameter. Khasia. 

 A tall, -ireenhouse twiner. A fibre (used for textile purposes) is 

 obtained from the stems, and a starch (largely used as an article 

 of food by the Chinese and Japanese) from the roots, of this 

 species. 

 P. tuberosa (tuberous). Jl. bluish, borne on rather rigid peduncles 

 in the upper iin.U's ; pedicels very short; standard almost iin. 

 long, laterally rertfxed. .June. I*ods 2in. to 3in. long. ^, leaflets 

 6in. to 12in. long, rhomboid or oblique, ovate ; stii)ules ovate, s»d>- 

 cordate. k. 3ft. India. 1806. Shrubby. SV.N. Ilcdiisarmn 

 tuberosum. 

 P, Wallichii(Wallicli's). fi. rediUsh, borne on elongated, sleiuler 

 peduHL-los ; pedicels slender ; st^uidard iin. long, the ba.se ending in 

 a short, narrow claw. .Tune. Puds 3in. to 5in. long. /., leaflets 

 oblique, at'ununate, entire ; stipules lanceolate, very caducous. 

 h. 3ft. India, &c., 1826. Shrubby. 



PUrr-BALLS. See Lycoperdon. 



FUGIONELLA. A synonym of Strumaria (which 

 see). 



FUGIONIFORM. Dagger-shaped. 



PULEGIUOT. A synonym of Mentha (which see). 



FULIiUS. Dusky-brown or blackish-coloured. 



Fig. 322. I'ilmonakia mollis, showing Habit anl Portion of 

 dctachcil Inflorescence. 



