An Encyclopedia of Horticulture. 



327 



Rose Galls — continued. 

 R. Miiiiri. 5. Irregularly formed rod Galls, usually in 

 the leaves, but often in other youu^ parts of Fotia sjnito- 

 nifsima, less often on R. caniitit ; these are usually smooth, 

 brigfht red, and thick-walled ; and often two or more are 

 joined together, so as to form irregfular masses. 6. By 

 far the most conspicuous Gall on Roses is that known 

 as the Bedeguar. It may reach a size of 2in. in diameter. 

 It varies a good deal in form, though usually rounded ; 

 but the surface is always covered with long, branched, 

 mossy green or red hairs (see Fig. 394., 1). On cutting 

 a Gall across (see Fig. 394, 2), the centre is found to 

 be a mass of woody consistence, in which are numerous 

 cells or spaces, each with a more or less distinct wall 

 of its own. The outer cells can frequently be broken 

 off from the mass. In each cell lives a wliite larva 

 (see Fig. 394, 3), which in the cell becomes a pupa 

 (Fig. 394, 5), and finally emerges as a four-winged fly 

 (Fig. 394, 6), about Jin. or Jfin. long, named R. Rosw. 

 The insects are black, with the legs mostly red-brown 

 or dark brown ; and the abdomen of the female is red- 

 brown, with the end black. Weather-beaten fragments 

 of the Galls often remain attached to the twigs for two 

 or three years. A small Midge {Ceridomyin Rnsce) galls the 

 leaflets of various Roses, causing them to swell and 

 become fleshy. None of these various Galls can be re- 

 garded as really dangerous to cultivated Roses, and most 

 of them, save those of R. centifolia', are almost confined 

 to wild Roses. Cutting off leaves and branches, as soon 

 as the Galls appear on them, is quite a sufficient check 

 to prevent tlieir undue increase in any locality. 



BOSHi G-UELDEB. See Viburnum Opulus. 



ROSE, HOLIiT. A common name for Heli- 

 antliem um. 



BiOSEi JAMAICA. A common name applied to 

 Blalea triiwrvis and to Meriiiiiia. 



ROSE, JAFAITESE. A common name for Camellia. 

 ROSE, JUNO'S. A common name for Lilium can- 

 diilutn. 



ROSELEAF SAWFLIES. sv* Rose Sawflies. 

 ROSE, LENTEN. A common name applied to the 

 species of Helleboriix which blossom during Lent. 



ROSE MAIiIiOW. A common name for various 

 species of Hihi.-^ruK. 



ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis). A well-known, 

 hardy, evergreen shrub, grown in small quantities in almost 

 every garden. The foliage is used for making what is 

 called Rosemary tea, a decoction sometimes employed, 

 amongst other purposes, for relieving headache. Rose- 

 mary may be propagated by seeds, by cuttings, and by 

 layers. Seeds may be sown upon a warm, sunny border. 

 Cuttings, taken in summer, about Bin. long, and dibbled 

 in a shady border, under a hand glass, will root, and be 

 ready for transplanting into permanent quarters the fol- 

 lowing autumn. Layering may readily be accomplished, 

 in summer, by bringing some of the lower branches down, 

 and pegging them beneath a little sandy soil. Rosemary 

 succeeds best on a light, rather dry, soil and in a shel- 

 tered situation, such as the base of a low wall with a 

 south aspect. There are three varieties, namely, the 

 Common or Green-leaved, the Silver-striped, and the 

 Gold-striped. The two last-named are not quite so hardy 

 as the common variety. 



ROSEMARY, WILD. See Andromeda poli- 

 folia. 



ROSE OF JERICHO. A common name for Ana- 

 slal iiui Hierurii untina. 



ROSE FINK. See Sabbatia an^laris. 



ROSE, ROCK. See Cistus. 



ROSE ROOT. See Sedum Rhodiola. 



ROSE, SAGE. An old name for the genus Cistus. 



ROSE SAWFLIES. Among the most hurtful of 

 insect parasites of Rose-bushes are the Sawflies {Ten- 

 thredinidw) : a considerable number feed as larva; either 

 in Rose-twigs or iipon the leaflets. Some of these, so 

 far as is known, are confined to Roses for their food, 

 while others feed also on a variety of other plants. The 

 fullest information on the British species is to he found 

 in Mr. Cameron's " Monograph of British Phytophagous 

 Hymenoptera." Not only are the descriptions in the 

 work clear and definite, but the figures of larvaj and 

 insects are a most efficient help in identifications. The 

 pith-feeding larva; belong to only a few species. Pacilo- 

 .^oma candidafum is one of the best known of these. 

 It has been found near Oxford by Professor West- 

 wood, but is rare. The perfect insect is about ^in. long. 

 It is black, covered with short pubescence, but certain 

 spots on the head are clay-colour, and spots on the 

 thorax and the edges of the abdominal rings are white. 

 The dull white or yellowish larva bores into the pith 

 during May and June, causing the leaves to wither. It 

 becomes a pupa in the soil, after dropping from the 

 branch. The dead branches should be ciit off early, to 

 destroy the larv.'e in them. 



The leaf-feeders on Roses among .Sawflies are far more 

 numeroxis than twig-feeders. Among those that devour 

 the leaves, the most destructive species, probably, is 

 Eriocampa Rosa, a small insect, only about Jin. to iin. 

 long. It is shining black, with the knees and the feet 

 of the front and middle legs white. The wings are 

 smoky, darker at the base. The larva; are known as 

 Rose-slugs. They are sluggish in habit. The front seg- 

 ments are swollen a little, and humped. The colour is 

 pale yellowish-green, with a dark line down the back ; 

 the head is orange. The larva; feed on the upper 

 surface of the leaflets, gnawing away the upper skin, 

 and destroying the leaves, which turn brown. The larval 

 stage lasts about fourteen days or three weeks, and 

 the full-grown larva; reach a length of about Jin. They 

 go underground to form their cocoons. The females lay 

 their eggs on the midribs of the leaves, in May. This 

 insect is plentiful both in Europe and in America, in 

 which country it was first described, being named Se- 

 landria Rosw by Harris. It is often very destructive to 

 Rose-bushes in gardens. 



Watering the plants with infusion of hellebore, or 

 powdering them with sulphur, as is done to destroy 

 Mildew on Roses, are remedies for these troublesome 

 larva;. 



Blennocamjia pusilla, a Sawfly a little larger than the 

 last, is at times as hurtful ; but the larvje have the 

 habit of turning down the sides of the leaflets, and live 

 protected in these retreats. The leaves are sometimes 

 much injiu'cd, and the bushes are evidently weakened by 

 this treatment. The larva; are short, stumpy, and green, 

 with the head pale or brown. There are short, spiny 

 hairs on the back. The skin of the sides of the body 

 hangs down in folds. They become pupa; in cocoons in 

 the soil, and in May and June Sawflies emerge of a 

 shining black, with yellowish-white knees and feet on 

 the front and middle legs, and grey-brown wings. This 

 species is very common. 



Emphytus cinctus is another common and hurtful 

 species. It is a little over Jin. long. Like the former, 

 the Sawflies are shining black, except that in the female 

 there is a white band nearly round the fifth segment of 

 the abdomen ; the hinder legs are partly white, the 

 other four have the greater part of the shins and the 

 feet reddish ; the wings are clear. The eggs are laid 

 on the lower surface of the leaflets. The larva; feed on 

 the edges of the leaflets, keeping the hinder part of the 

 body curved over the latter, and, when at rest, they lie 

 curled up in a ball on the lower surface of the leaflets. 

 The body is stout, and tapera backwards. It is dark 



