An Encyclopedia of Horticulture. 



353 



Salvia — continued. 



broad, acuminate, concave. Stem erect, 2ft. to 3ft. high, viscous, 

 villous. South Europe, 1562. (S. F. (J. 25; B. M. 2320, under 

 name of .S. bracleata ; B. R. 1003, under name nf S. Siiii.^- 

 iaiia.) 

 S. splendenB (splendid).* /., calyx coloured, campanulate, with 

 tlirt'f broadly ovate teeth ; corolla scarlet, 2in. to 2Hn. long, 

 ^lalinius, the tube exserted and sliglitly enlarged, the lower lip 

 shortened ; whorls two-tiowered. December. /. petiolate, ovate, 

 acuminate, crenate-serrate, cuneate, rounded, or sub-cordate at 

 base, glabrous ; floral ones ovate, acuminate, coloured, deiiiluous. 

 Branches glabrous, h. 3ft. Brazil, 1822. A very pretty, green- 

 house shrub. (B. R. 687 ; L. B. C. 1039 ; I. H. 1881, 432, under 

 n.ime of S. hrasiUeiisis.) SYN. S. co(ora;i« (of gardens). 



S. s. Bruantil (Bruanfs).* fl. of a brighter scarlet than in the 

 type. Habit dwarfer. 1881. A handsome garden variety. 

 (K. .M. 447 ; G. C. n. s., xiv. p. 781.) 



S. strictiflora (erect-flowered)- /., caly.\ tuliular, pubescent ; 

 corolla srdden-scarlet, IJin. long, the tube elongated and in- 

 curved, the lip sub-equal, scarcely spreading; whorls two- 

 flowered, secund ; racemes upwards of 1ft. long. December. 

 I. petiolate, ovate, acute, liin. to 2in. long, pale green, crenate- 

 serrate, cordate at base, rather thick, slightly fleshy, nearly 

 glabrous ; floral ones glume-like, deciduous. Branches shortly 

 fomentose-pubescent. "A. 2ft. Peru, 1831. Stove shrub. (B. M. 

 3135; P. M. B. 247.) 



S. taraxacifolla (Dandelion-leaved), li. very shortly pedicel- 

 late; calvx iin. long, the lobes subulate-aristate ; corolla pale 

 pink, with a yellowish disk to the lower lip, and a purplespeckled, 

 pilose palate ; w horls six to ten-flowered. .July. /. 2in. to 4in. 

 long, pinnatisect, sessile or petiolate ; lower lobes few or many ; 

 terminal one Iin. to Uin. long, ovate, ftbtuse or cuspidate, irre- 

 gularly sinuate-toothed; all snowy - tomentose beneath; floral 

 ones sessile, ovate-aristate. Stems numerous, ascending, at 

 length erect, 6in. to 18in. high. Great Atlas, 1872. (B. M. 

 5991.) 



S. tricolor (three-coloured). /I. racemose, solitary, opposite ; calyx 

 oblong-canipanulate. deeply costate ; corolla white, the lower part 

 of the large lower lip reddish, deflexed, trilobed. .July. (. small, 

 shortly petiolate, ovate, rounded-obtuse at apex with a terminal 

 tooth, the base attenuated, sub-ilecurrent, the margins crenu- 

 late. A. 2ft. Mexico. Half-hardv shrub. (F. d. S. 1237 ; I. H. 

 1856, 120.) 



S. tubifera (tube-bearing). /. sub-sessile ; calyx tubular, with 

 three acuminate teeth; corolla purple-red, Iin. to l^in. long, 

 glabrous or pubescent, the tube long-exserted, equal, and slightly 

 incurved ; whorls usually four or fi>e-flowered, secund ; racemes 

 6in. long, simple. August. I. petiolate, broadly ovate, crenate- 

 serrate, rounded-truncate or nearly cuneate at base, almost 

 glabrous, or cano-pubescent beneath. Stem 2ft. or more long, 

 erect or ascending, acutely tetragonal, purplish. Mexico, 1824. 

 Greenhouse perennial herb or under-shrub. (B. R. 1841, 44.) 



S. Verbenaca (Vervain-like). Vervain Sage ; Wild Clary, &c. 

 jl., calyx campanulate, the upper lip having minute, spinescent 

 teeth ; corolla blue-purple, iin. long, the upper lip short and 

 compressed ; whorls six-flowered, in long, bracteate spikes. June 

 to September, l. 2in. to 4in. long, wrinkled ; radical ones pe- 

 tioled, oblong, obtuse, irregularly crenate or serrate ; upper 

 cauline ones sessile, oblong or deltoid-ovate. Stem leafy, 

 erect. 1ft. to 2ft. high. Europe (Britain). Hardy perennial. 

 (Sy. En. B. 1056.) 



S. V. clandestlna (clandestine), fl., upper calyx teeth less 

 spiny than in the species ; corolla more purple, longer, the 

 upper lip longer arched. /. narrower. Jersey and Guernsey. 

 Plant smaller and more slender than the type. (S. F. G. 24 ; 

 Sy. En. B. 1057.) 



SAIiVIITIA (named in honour of Antonio Maria 

 Salvini, a Professor at Florence in the seventeenth cen- 

 tury). Ord. SalviniecE. A small genus (all the supposed 

 species are reducible to one) of plants found floating 

 on still water (like Lemna), broadly dispersed over the 

 Northern hemisphere, and in tropical and South America. 

 " This pretty little iloating aquatic, which, like Azolla, is 

 suitable for a stove, greenhouse, or indoor aquarium, is 

 easily managed in the summer time, simply requiring to 

 be let alone or have its water changed, if necessary : but 

 in the winter is often lost through a want of knowledge of 

 its life-history. The mature plant floats on the water, 

 and has no true roots, though the row of divided leaves on 

 the under side of the stem look like roots at first sight, 

 and assume their functions. Among these the spore 

 capsules are developed, and from them the plant must 

 be grown annually, as the old plants die in the winter. 

 The best way to preserve the spores is to half fill a 

 broad pan with sandy loam, and then fill up with water; 

 when the water has cleared, place a number of plants 

 upon it, and stand the pan by in a cool greenhouse. In 



Vol. III. 



Salvinia — continued. 

 the winter, the plants will all die, but the spores will 

 remain in the loam, which must not be thrown away or 

 allowed to dry, and the next spring they will reproduce 

 the plant" (N. E. Brown). 



S. natans (fl";Uing). fr. consisting of globular basjs. composed 

 of a double membrane, at length bursting irn-uularly. (. Fern- 

 like, sub-elliptic, entire, floating, not curled up when young. 

 Rhizome floating, thread-like, leafy above, and furnished below 

 with long rootlets and fruit on short, leafless branches. The 

 young plant closely resembles a young Sehiginella, apart from 

 the two cotylediui-like processes. 



SAIiVINIEJE. A small natural order of annual, 

 floating herbs, not attached to the soil, resembling large 

 LemniE {Salriiiia) or a Jungermannia (Azolla), with no 

 true stem. Salvinia is met with throughout the Northern 

 hemisphere, as well as in tropical and South America ; 

 and .42o{ta, the only other genus, inhabits Asia, Africa, 

 Australia, and America from Canada to the Straits of 

 Magellan. Fronds with margins reflexed before expan- 

 sion, usually claret-coloured on the under surface, some- 

 times composed of cellular tissue, without nerves and 

 stomata (Salvinia) ; sometimes with a stomatiferous epi- 

 dermis (Azolla), rounded or lobed, sessile or sub-sessile, 

 alternate or distichous, imbricated. Reproductive organs 

 of two kinds, similar to those of Marsileacece, inserted at 

 the base of the fronds. The order embraces about 

 eighteen species. 



SAMARA (of Swartz). A synonym of Mjrrsine 

 (which .s^ce). 



SAMAKA. An indehiscent fruit, producing a wing 

 from its back or end ; e.g., the fruit of the Maple. 

 SAMABOID. Resembling a Samara. 

 SAMBUCUS (the old Latin name used by Pliny, 

 and derived from sambuke, an ancient musical instru- 

 ment, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood). 

 Elder. Syn. 7'ripefalus. Okd. Caprifoliaceie. A genus 

 comprising ten or twelve species of mostly hardy trees, 

 sub-shrubs, or shrubs, rarely perennial herbs; they are 

 dispersed over all temperate regions (South Africa ex- 

 cepted) and tropical mountains. Flowers white, yellow, 

 or pinkish, small, with articulated pedicels, disposed in 

 umbelliform corymbs or dense-flowered thyrses ; calyx, 

 tube ovoid or turbinate, the limb equally three to five- 

 lobed or toothed ; corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, 

 equally three to five-parted, the lobes imbricated or 

 rarely valvate ; stamens five. Drupes baccate, containing 

 three to five one-seeded stones. Leaves opposite, impari- 

 pinnate ; leaflets serrated or laciniated, naked at base, 

 glandular or augmented by a stipuliform leaflet. 

 Branches rather thick. Two species, S. Ebuhts and 

 S. nigra, are indigenous to Britain. The berries of the 

 latter are largely employed in the manufacture of Elder- 

 berry wine. Various kinds of medicine, cosmetics, &c., 

 are obtainable from several of the species. Speaking of 

 the common Elder, Evelyn remarks : " If the medicinal 

 properties of the leaves, bark, berries, &c., were thoroughly 

 known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for 

 which he might not fetch a remedy from every hedge, 

 either for sickness or wound." The species in cultivation 

 are described below. They are all hardy, and are of 

 very simple culture, thriving in almost any soil or 

 situation. Propagation may be effected, in the case of 

 the herbaceous species, by division ; the shrubby kinds 

 increase readily from cuttings. The common Elder fruits 

 abundantly, if the soil be kept somewhat moist ; its 

 position should be an open one, fully exposed to 

 light and air. A plantation or hedge may be readily 

 formed by cuttings of this species, where the soil is 

 tolerably moist. The Golden Elder (S. nigra niirea) 

 is a fine ornamental plant for shrubberies, or for use in 

 sub-tropical gardening. If the young shoots are regularly 

 pinched at their points, the plants may be kept dwarf 

 and of a fine golden colour all the summer. 



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