LXII GUNNAR SCHOTTE. 
plants were raised annually. Ofthe extent of larch-woods on the Duke of Athole's 
estates we get a good idea when we find the statement that, in a famous 
storm about 1880, 80,000 trees were blown down on this estate alone. 
From this short historical account we find that most larches in Scotland are 
probably derived from some few trees or some small mother woods, and that 
afterwards to a very great extent seed has been gathered from the cultivated 
woods thus obtained. We cannot, it is true, directly trace the origin of the 
Scottish stock; but statements from Scotland and the present writer's own ob- 
servations in Sweden point to a distinctly good stock from Athole. 
After this is given on pp. 569—602 a description of the present occur- 
rence in Sweden of the European larch; and in connection with this 
the map on page 568 gives a view of the situation of the experimental plots 
in larch which the present writer has measured and examined and the places 
where other observations have been made concerning the larch. 
Section D. treats the variation and races of European larch. 
On p. 603 an account is given of the number of forms with regard to 
branching which have been specially described in Swedish dendrological litera- 
ture. 
The different races in which the European larch appears in different re- 
glons of Europe, on the other hand, are of considerable practical and sylvi- 
cultural value. The direct question of provenience, too, has the same great 
importance for the larch as for the pine and the oak. These questions 
have .been previously studied in detail by CIESLAR (462, 464, 465), ELIS 
NILSON (144), ENGLER (487), SCHOTTE (178) and BARTH (330). 
Chap. III A. shows how the European larch occurs spontaneously in four 
separate districts. After comprehensive experiments CIESLAR (465) was able 
to show that the "Silesian larch” from the Sudetic Mountains in Moravia 
and Silesia is a distinct race, quite separate from that which occurs in the 
Alps. In this treatise this last-named is called "Tyrolean larch” in accordance 
with the customary Swedish terminology. The larch that occurs the in west of 
Russia, in Russian Poland, and in Galicia was, according to CIESLAR, set apart by 
RACIBORSKI as early as 1890 as a separate species, L. polonica Racib., which was 
said to be close a kin to the Siberian larch. Several writers — compare Cieslar 
(465) — have expressed the opinion that the three species europaea, polonica and 
sibirica should only be regarded as three varieties of one and the same species. 
The difference observed in Austria between the species of larch which occurs 
in the Sudetic Mountains and that which occurs in the Alps seems to hold 
good, even when moved so far away as Sweden. The present writer (178), 
for instance, has previously shown that plants from Silesian seed have shown 
a more rapid growth and straighter stems than Tyrolean larch. 
That the so-called Scottish larch is also a separate race, whose special qua- 
lities bring it close to the Silesian, will be shown below. ELis NILSON has 
already pointed out (44) the special character of the Scottish larch and has 
called it v. sco/ica, which name has also been adopted by A. BArRTH. NILSON 
adduces as special characters of this race, in comparison with the Tyrolean, 
somewhat shorter and darker needles and somewhat smaller cones. In Scot- 
land it also develops its needles later in the spring, and sheds them somewhat 
earlier in the autumn, than the Tyrolean larch. By this means it is less ex- 
posed than the latter to autumn and spring frosts. As has already been men- 
